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Lokelma 环硅酸钠锆

通用名称环硅酸钠锆 Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate
品牌名称Lokelma
产地|公司加拿大(Canada) | 阿斯利康(Astra Zeneca)
技术状态原研产品
成分|含量10G
包装|存储3包/盒 室温
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通用中文 环硅酸钠锆 通用外文 Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate
品牌中文 品牌外文 Lokelma
其他名称 ZS-9
公司 阿斯利康(Astra Zeneca) 产地 加拿大(Canada)
含量 10G 包装 3包/盒
剂型给药 口服 溶液 储存 室温
适用范围 用于高钾血症
通用中文 环硅酸钠锆
通用外文 Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate
品牌中文
品牌外文 Lokelma
其他名称 ZS-9
公司 阿斯利康(Astra Zeneca)
产地 加拿大(Canada)
含量 10G
包装 3包/盒
剂型给药 口服 溶液
储存 室温
适用范围 用于高钾血症

使用说明书

(免责声明:本说明书仅供参考,不作为治疗的依据,不可取代任何医生、药剂师等专业性的指导。本站不提供治疗建议,药物是否适合您,请专业医生(或药剂师)决定。)

2018年3月20日,英国制药巨头阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)开发的一款新药Lokelma(前称ZS-9,环硅酸钠锆)近日喜获欧盟委员会(EC)批准,用于高钾血症(hyperkalaemia,血清中存在高水平的钾)成人患者的治疗。不过,在美国监管方面,ZS-9已两次遭到FDA拒绝,首次是在2015年5月,第二次是在2017年3月。阿斯利康已再次提交申请,FDA预计将在2018年上半年做出审查决定。

Lokelma的获批是基于3项双盲、安慰剂对照研究和一项开放标签研究的数据。在这些研究中,接受Lokelma治疗的高钾血症患者,其血液钾浓度达到正常水平的中位时间为2.2小时,高达98%的患者在治疗48小时内达到正常水平。此外,Lokelma也表现出持续长达一年的血钾水平控制。

Lokelma是一种不溶性的、非吸收的新型选择性阳离子交换剂,其结构设计为优先捕获钾离子。作为一种钾结合剂,Lokelma开发用于治疗慢性肾病或心衰患者中常见的高钾血症,这是一款被视为best-in-class的高钾血症治疗药物,销售峰值预计超过10亿美元。Lokelma由ZS制药公司研制,阿斯利康于2015年11月以27亿美元收购ZS制药公司后获得了这款潜在重磅药物。此次收购,也是阿斯利康加强心血管/代谢疾病研究领域的举动。

高血钾症(血清中钾水平>5.0mg当量/L)通常发生于晚期肾脏病和/或慢性心脏衰竭患者中,可能导致心脏骤停和死亡。另外,采用常规心脏病药物(如RAAS抑制剂)也可能导致高血钾症风险升高。目前,高血钾症的治疗方案有限,该领域存在着远未满足的巨大医疗需求。

阿斯利康全球药物开发副总裁、心血管及肾脏和代谢负责人Elisabeth Björk表示,高钾血症的后果非常严重甚至危及生命,Lokelma获得欧盟批准,将为患者提供一种快速和持续的高血钾症治疗选择,帮助解决欧洲地区存在的严重未满足医疗需求。

 

 

 

 

 

中文说明

(免责声明:本说明书仅供参考,不作为治疗的依据,不可取代任何医生、药剂师等专业性的指导。本站不提供治疗建议,药物是否适合您,请专业医生(或药剂师)决定。)

2018年3月20日,英国制药巨头阿斯利康(AstraZeneca)开发的一款新药Lokelma(前称ZS-9,环硅酸钠锆)近日喜获欧盟委员会(EC)批准,用于高钾血症(hyperkalaemia,血清中存在高水平的钾)成人患者的治疗。不过,在美国监管方面,ZS-9已两次遭到FDA拒绝,首次是在2015年5月,第二次是在2017年3月。阿斯利康已再次提交申请,FDA预计将在2018年上半年做出审查决定。

Lokelma的获批是基于3项双盲、安慰剂对照研究和一项开放标签研究的数据。在这些研究中,接受Lokelma治疗的高钾血症患者,其血液钾浓度达到正常水平的中位时间为2.2小时,高达98%的患者在治疗48小时内达到正常水平。此外,Lokelma也表现出持续长达一年的血钾水平控制。

Lokelma是一种不溶性的、非吸收的新型选择性阳离子交换剂,其结构设计为优先捕获钾离子。作为一种钾结合剂,Lokelma开发用于治疗慢性肾病或心衰患者中常见的高钾血症,这是一款被视为best-in-class的高钾血症治疗药物,销售峰值预计超过10亿美元。Lokelma由ZS制药公司研制,阿斯利康于2015年11月以27亿美元收购ZS制药公司后获得了这款潜在重磅药物。此次收购,也是阿斯利康加强心血管/代谢疾病研究领域的举动。

高血钾症(血清中钾水平>5.0mg当量/L)通常发生于晚期肾脏病和/或慢性心脏衰竭患者中,可能导致心脏骤停和死亡。另外,采用常规心脏病药物(如RAAS抑制剂)也可能导致高血钾症风险升高。目前,高血钾症的治疗方案有限,该领域存在着远未满足的巨大医疗需求。

阿斯利康全球药物开发副总裁、心血管及肾脏和代谢负责人Elisabeth Björk表示,高钾血症的后果非常严重甚至危及生命,Lokelma获得欧盟批准,将为患者提供一种快速和持续的高血钾症治疗选择,帮助解决欧洲地区存在的严重未满足医疗需求。

 

 

 

 

 

外文说明

(免责声明:本说明书仅供参考,不作为治疗的依据,不可取代任何医生、药剂师等专业性的指导。本站不提供治疗建议,药物是否适合您,请专业医生(或药剂师)决定。)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

ANNEX I

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS


 This medicinal product is subject to additional monitoring. This will allow quick identification of new safety information. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions. See section 4.8 for how to report adverse reactions.

 

 

1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

 

Lokelma 5 g powder for oral suspension Lokelma 10 g powder for oral suspension

 

 

2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION

 

Lokelma 5 g powder for oral suspension

Each sachet contains 5 g sodium zirconium cyclosilicate

 

Lokelma 10 g powder for oral suspension

Each sachet contains 10 g sodium zirconium cyclosilicate

 

 

3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM

 

Powder for oral suspension.

 

White, free flowing powder essentially free of debris and particulates.

 

 

4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS

 

4.1 Therapeutic indications

 

Lokelma is indicated for the treatment of hyperkalaemia in adult patients (see section 4.4 and 5.1).

 

4.2 Posology and method of administration

 

Posology

 

Adults, including the elderly

 

Correction phase

The recommended starting dose of Lokelma is 10 g, administered three times a day orally as a suspension in water. When normokalaemia is achieved, the maintenance regimen should be followed (see below).

 

Typically, normokalaemia is achieved within 24 to 48 hours. If patients are still hyperkalaemic after 48 hours of treatment, the same regimen can be continued for an additional 24 hours. If normokalaemia is not achieved after 72 hours of treatment, other treatment approaches should be considered.

 

Maintenance phase

When normokalaemia has been achieved, the minimal effective dose of Lokelma to prevent recurrence of hyperkalaemia should be established. A starting dose of 5 g once daily is recommended, with possible titration up to 10 g once daily, or down to 5 g once every other day, as needed, to maintain a normal potassium level. No more than 10 g once daily should be used for maintenance therapy.

 

Serum potassium levels should be monitored periodically during treatment. Monitoring frequency


will depend upon a variety of factors including other medications, progression of chronic kidney disease and dietary potassium intake.

 

If severe hypokalaemia should occur Lokelma should be discontinued and the patient re-evaluated.

 

Missed dose

If a patient misses a dose they should be instructed to take the next usual dose at their normal time.

 

Special populations

 

Patients with renal/hepatic impairment

No changes from the normal doses are required for patients with renal or hepatic impairment.

 

Paediatric population

The safety and efficacy of Lokelma in children and adolescents (< 18 years) have not been established. No data are available.

 

Method of administration For oral use.

The entire contents of the sachet should be emptied in a drinking glass containing approximately 45 ml of water, and stirred well. The powder will not dissolve. The tasteless liquid should be drunk while still cloudy. If the powder settles, the water should be stirred again. It should be ensured that all of the content is taken.

The suspension can be taken with or without food.

 

4.3 Contraindications

 

Hypersensitivity to the active substance.

 

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use

 

Serum potassium levels

Serum potassium should be monitored when clinically indicated, including after changes are made to medicinal products that affect the serum potassium concentration (e.g. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors or diuretics) and after the Lokelma dose is titrated.

 

Hypokalaemia

Hypokalaemia may be observed (see section 4.8). Dose titration as described under maintenance posology may be required in such cases to prevent moderate to severe hypokalaemia. In patients with severe hypokalaemia, Lokelma should be discontinued and the patient re-evaluated.

 

QT Prolongation

During correction of hyperkalaemia, a lengthening of the QT interval can be observed as the physiologic result of a decline in serum potassium concentration.

 

The risk of interaction with X-rays

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate may be opaque to X-rays. If the patient is having abdominal X-rays, radiographers should keep this in mind.

 

Intestinal perforation

The risk for intestinal perforation with the use of Lokelma is currently unknown. No events of intestinal perforation have been reported with Lokelma. Since intestinal perforation has been reported with polymers that act in the gastrointestinal tract, specific attention should be paid to signs and symptoms related to intestinal perforation.


Limitations of the clinical data

Patients on dialysis

Lokelma has not been studied in patients receiving dialysis treatment.

 

Severe hyperkalaemia

There is limited experience in patients with serum potassium concentrations greater than

6.5 mmol/L.

 

Long-term exposure

Clinical trials with Lokelma have not included exposure longer than one year.

 

4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

 

Effect of other medicinal products on sodium zirconium cyclosilicate

As sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is not absorbed or metabolised by the body, there are no expected effects of other medicinal products on its function.

 

Effect of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate on other medicinal products

As sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is not absorbed or metabolised by the body, there are limited effects on the function of or binding to other medicinal products. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate can transiently increase gastric pH by absorbing hydrogen ions and can lead to changes in solubility and absorption kinetics for co-administered medicinal products with pH-dependent solubility. In a clinical drug-drug interaction study conducted in healthy subjects co-administration of amlodipine, clopidogrel, atorvastatin, furosemide, glipizide, warfarin, losartan, or levothyroxine did not result in clinically meaningful drug-drug interactions and no dose adjustments are required. Consistent with other gastric acid modifiers, dabigatran Cmax and AUC values were approximately 40% lower when co-administered with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, however, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate and dabigatran may be co-administered without adjusting the dose of dabigatran.

 

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

 

Pregnancy

There are no data from the use of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Lokelma during pregnancy.

 

Breast-feeding

In a postnatal study in rats, maternal exposure to sodium zirconium cyclosilicate had no effect on postnatal development. Due to its physicochemical properties, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is not systemically absorbed and is not expected to be excreted in breast milk. No effects on the breastfed newborn/infant are anticipated since the systemic exposure of the breast-feeding woman to sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is negligible. Lokelma can be used during breast-feeding.

 

Fertility

There were no adverse effects on embryo-foetal development in treated rats or in rabbits.

 

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines

 

Lokelma has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

 

4.8 Undesirable effects

 

Summary of the safety profile

The most commonly reported adverse reactions were hypokalaemia (2.3%) and oedema related events (5.7%).


Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The safety profile of Lokelma was evaluated in clinical trials involving 1760 patients with 430 patients exposed for one year.

The adverse reactions identified from controlled trials are shown in Table 1. The following convention was used for frequency of adverse reactions: Very common (≥ 1/10); Common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10); Uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100); Rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); Very rare

(< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

 

Table 1. List of adverse reactions in clinical studies  System Organ class Common

Metabolism and nutrition disorders Hypokalaemia


General disorders and administration site conditions

Oedema related events


 

 

Description of selected adverse reactions

Hypokalaemia

In clinical trials 2.3% of patients developed hypokalaemia with a serum potassium value less than

3.5 mmol/L, which was resolved with dose adjustment or discontinuation of Lokelma.

 

Oedema related events

Oedema related events, including fluid overload, fluid retention, generalised oedema, hypervolaemia, localised oedema, oedema, oedema peripheral, peripheral swelling, were reported by 5.7% of Lokelma patients. The events were observed in the maintenance phase only and were more commonly seen in patients treated with 15 g. Up to 53% were managed by initiating a diuretic or adjusting a diuretic dose; the remainder did not require treatment.

 

Long term exposure (interim data)

In an ongoing clinical trial with open-label exposure of Lokelma up to 1 year in 751 subjects, the following events were reported as related by investigators: gastrointestinal events (constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain/distension, nausea and vomiting); and hypersensitivity reactions (rash, pruritus, and dermatitis). A causal relationship between these events and Lokelma has not been finally established.

 

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.

 

4.9 Overdose

 

Overdose with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate could lead to hypokalaemia. Serum potassium should be checked and potassium supplemented as needed.

 

 

5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

 

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

 

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for treatment of hyperkalaemia and hyperphosphatemia, ATC code: V03AE10

 

Mechanism of action

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is a non-absorbed, non-polymer inorganic powder with a uniform micropore structure that preferentially captures potassium in exchange for hydrogen and sodium


cations. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is highly selective for potassium ions, even in the presence of other cations such as calcium and magnesium,in vitro. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate captures potassium throughout the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract and reduces the concentration of free potassium in the GI lumen, thereby lowering serum potassium levels and increasing faecal potassium excretion to resolve hyperkalaemia.

 

Pharmacodynamic effects

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate starts reducing serum potassium concentrations as soon as 1 hour after ingestion and normokalaemia can be achieved typically within 24 to 48 hours. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate does not affect serum calcium or magnesium concentrations, or urinary sodium excretion. There is a close correlation between starting serum potassium levels and effect size; patients with higher starting serum potassium levels have greater reductions in serum potassium. There is a reduction in urinary potassium excretion which is a consequence of a reduction in serum potassium concentration. In a study of healthy subjects given Lokelma 5 g or 10 g once daily for four days, dose-dependent reduction in serum potassium concentration and total urinary potassium excretion were accompanied by mean increases in faecal potassium excretion. No statistically significant changes in urinary sodium excretion were observed.

 

There were no studies conducted to investigate the pharmacodynamics when sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is administered with or without food.

 

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate has also been shown to bind ammoniumin vitroandin vivo, thereby removing ammonium and increasing serum bicarbonate levels. Lokelma treated-patients experienced an increase of 1.1 mmol/L at 5 g once daily, 2.3 mmol/L at 10 g once daily, and 2.6 mmol/L at 15 g once daily in bicarbonate compared with a mean increase of 0.6 mmol/L for those receiving placebo. In an environment where other factors affecting renin and aldosterone were not controlled, Lokelma demonstrated a dose-independent reduction in mean serum aldosterone levels (range: -30% to -31%) compared with the placebo group (+14%). No consistent effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure has been observed.

 

In addition, mean reductions in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were observed in the 5 g (-1.1 mg/dL) and 10 g (-2.0 mg/dL) three times daily groups compared with small mean increases in the placebo (0.8 mg/dL) and low dose sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (0.3 mg/dL) groups.

 

Clinical efficacy and safety

The potassium-lowering effects of Lokelma have been demonstrated in three randomised,

double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in patients with hyperkalaemia in association with chronic kidney disease (75% with estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) 4-60 mL/min/1.73 m2), heart failure (40% NYHA I-IV), diabetes mellitus (61% Type 1-2) and use of RAAS inhibitors therapy (68%). All three studies tested the initial effect of Lokelma to correct hyperkalaemia during a

48-hour period and two studies also tested maintenance of normokalaemia effect obtained. In addition two open-label extension studies tested long-term safety of Lokelma. These five studies included 1760 patients given doses of Lokelma; 430 exposed for at least 360 days. In the studies, Lokelma reduced serum potassium and maintained normal serum potassium levels regardless of the underlying cause of hyperkalaemia, age, sex, race, comorbid disease or concomitant use of RAAS inhibitors. No dietary restrictions were imposed; patients were instructed to continue their usual diet without any specified alterations.

 

Study 1

A two-phase, placebo-controlled correction and maintenance use study

A two-part, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 753 patients (mean age of 66 years, range 22 to 93 years) with hyperkalaemia (5 to ≤ 6.5 mmol/L, baseline potassium average

5.3 mmol/L), and included patients with chronic kidney disease, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and those on RAAS inhibitor therapy.

During the correction phase, patients were randomised to receive Lokelma (1.25 g, 2.5 g, 5 g or 10 g) or placebo, administered three times daily for the initial 48 hours (Table 2).


Table 2. Correction phase (Study 1): Percentage of normokalaemic subjects after 48 hours of Lokelma

Lokelma dose (three times daily)

 

 

Placebo

1.25 g

2.5 g

5 g

10 g

N

158

154

141

157

143

Baseline serum potassium, mmol/L

5.3

5.4

5.4

5.3

5.3

Normokalaemic at 48 hours, %

p-value vs. placebo

48

51

NS

68

< 0.001

78

< 0.001

86

< 0.001

NS: not significant

 

Lokelma 10 g administered three times daily lowered serum potassium -0.7 mmol/L at 48 hours (p<0.001 vs. placebo); statistically significant 14% potassium reduction was observed 1 hour after the first dose. Patients with higher starting potassium levels had a greater response to Lokelma.

Patients with pre-treatment potassium levels in excess of 5.5 mmol/L (average baseline 5.8 mmol/L) saw an average decrease of 1.1 mmol/L at 48 hours while those with starting potassium levels at or below 5.3 mmol/L had an average decrease of 0.6 mmol/L at the highest dose.

 

Patients who became normokalaemic after receiving Lokelma during the correction phase were re-randomised to receive once daily placebo or once daily Lokelma at the same dose level as they had received three times daily during the correction phase (Table 3).

 

Table 3. Maintenance phase (12 days, Study 1): Mean number of normokalaemic days

Maintenance phase treatment (once daily)

 

 

 

Correction phase Lokelma dose

Placebo

 

 

n

 

 

Days

Lokelma

 

 

n

 

 

Days

P-value vs. placebo

1.25 g three times daily

41

7.6

49

7.2

NS

2.5 g three times daily

46

6.2

54

8.6

0.008

5 g three times daily

68

6.0

64

9.0

0.001

10 g three times daily

61

8.2

63

10.2

0.005

NS: not significant

 

At the end of the maintenance period, when Lokelma was no longer administered, average potassium levels increased to near baseline levels.

 

Study 2

A multi-phase, placebo-controlled maintenance study with extension

In the correction phase of the study, 258 patients with hyperkalaemia (baseline average 5.6, range

4.1 - 7.2 mmol/L) received 10 g of Lokelma administered three times daily for 48 hours. Reductions in potassium were observed 1 hour after the first 10 g dose of Lokelma. Median time to normokalaemia was 2.2 hours with 66% of patients achieving normokalaemia at 24 hours and 88% at 48 hours. Responses were larger in patients with more severe hyperkalaemia; serum potassium fell 0.8, 1.2 and 1.5 mmol/L in patients with baseline serum potassium < 5.5, 5.5-5.9 and ≥ 6 mmol/L, respectively.

 

Patients who achieved normokalaemia (potassium levels between 3.5 and 5 mmol/L) were randomised in a double-blind fashion to one of three doses of Lokelma [5 g (n=45), 10 g (n=51), or 15 g (n=56)] or placebo (n=85) administered once daily for 28 days (the double-blind randomised withdrawal phase).


The proportion of subjects with average serum potassium < 5.1 mmol/L from Study Day 8 to 29 (three-week period) was greater at the 5 g, 10 g and 15 g once daily doses of Lokelma (80%, 90% and 94%, respectively), compared with placebo (46%). There was a mean decrease in serum potassium of -0.77 mmol/L, -1.10 mmol/L, -1.19 mmol/L and -0.44 mmol/L, respectively and the proportion of subjects who remained normokalaemic was 71%, 76%, 85% and 48% of subjects in the 5 g, 10 g, 15 g once daily doses of Lokelma and placebo groups, respectively.

 

Extend maintenance phase with Lokelma titration (open-label) results: 123 patients entered the

11-month open-label phase. The proportion of subjects with average serum potassium < 5.1 mmol/L was 88%, the average serum potassium level was 4.66 mmol/L and the proportion of serum potassium measurements below 3.5 mmol/L was less than 1%; between 3.5 and 5.1 mmol/L was 77%; or between 3.5 and 5.5 mmol/L was 93%, irrespective of other factors that might influence the serum potassium. Treatment was discontinued on study exit (Day 365).

 

Kaplan-Meier estimates of time to relapse for maintenance phase showed dose dependence in time to relapse with median time for 5 g dose ranging from 4 to 21 days depending on the baseline serum potassium values. Serum potassium should be monitored periodically and the Lokelma dose titrated as described in section 4.2 Posology and Method of Administration.

 

Figure 1 illustrates the mean serum potassium levels over the correction, maintenance and extension phases of the study.

 

Figure 1. Correction, maintenance and extension phases (Study 2): mean serum potassium levels

 

from clipboard

 


Time (Hour) Correction Phase

Maintenance (Days 1 – 29)

Extension (Day)


 

Study 3

A study in chronic kidney disease patients with hyperkalaemia

This study was a double-blind placebo-controlled dose-escalating study in 90 patients (60 Lokelma patients; 30 controls) with chronic kidney disease (defined as eGFR between

30 - 60 ml/min/1.73 m2) and hyperkalaemia (baseline serum potassium 5.2 mmol/L, range


4.6 - 6 mmol/L). Patients were randomised to receive escalating doses of Lokelma (0.3 g, 3 g, and 10 g) or placebo, administered three times a day with meals for two to four days. The primary endpoint was the rate of change in serum potassium from baseline throughout the initial 2 days of treatment. The trial met the primary efficacy endpoint at the 3 g and 10 g doses of Lokelma compared to placebo. Lokelma at the 10 g dose and the 3 g dose resulted in mean maximal reductions of 0.92 mmol/L and 0.43 mmol/L, respectively. Twenty-four hour urine collections showed that Lokelma decreased urinary potassium excretion from baseline; -15.8 mmol/24 h compared to placebo +8.9 mmol/24 h (p < 0.001). Sodium excretion was unchanged relative to placebo (10 g, +25.4 mmol/24 h compared to placebo +36.9 mmol/24 h (NS)).

 

Study 4

An ongoing open-label maintenance study

In an open-label maintenance study to investigate the long term (up to 12 months) safety and efficacy of Lokelma in patients with hyperkalaemia, patients were dosed with 5 g once daily and could be titrated up to 15 g once daily or down to 5 g once every other day to maintain normokalaemia. The proportions of patients whose mean serum potassium was < 5.1 mmol/L and < 5.5 mmol/L over Months 3 to 12 was 89.0% and 98.8%, respectively.

 

Paediatric population

The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Lokelma in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in male and female children from birth to less than 18 years of age, with hyperkalaemia (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).

 

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

 

Absorption

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is an inorganic, insoluble compound that is not subject to enzymatic metabolism. In addition, clinical studies have shown it not to be systemically absorbed. Anin vivomass balance study in rats showed that sodium zirconium cyclosilicate was recovered in the faeces with no evidence of systemic absorption. Due to these factors and its insolubility, noin vivoor

in vitrostudies have been performed to examine its effect on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes or transporter activity.

 

Elimination

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate is eliminated via the faeces.

 

5.3 Preclinical safety data

 

Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, toxicity to reproduction and development.

 

 

6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS

 

6.1 List of excipients

 

None

 

6.2 Incompatibilities

 

Not applicable

 

6.3 Shelf life

 

3 years


6.4 Special precautions for storage

 

This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.

 

6.5 Nature and contents of container

 

5 or 10 g of powder in sachets of a PET/LDPE/LLDPE/aluminium foil laminate Pack sizes: 3 or 30 sachets

Not all pack sizes may be marketed.

 

6.6 Special precautions for disposal

 

No special requirements.

 

 

7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER

 

AstraZeneca AB

SE-151 85 Södertälje Sweden

 

 

8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)

 

EU/1/17/1173/001 EU/1/17/1173/002 EU/1/17/1173/003 EU/1/17/1173/004

 

 

9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION

 

Date of first authorisation:

 

 

10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT

 

Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu.


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ANNEX II

 

A. MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE

 

 

B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE

 

 

C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION

 

 

D. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT


A. MANUFACTURER RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE

Name and address of the manufacturer responsible for batch release AstraZeneca AB

Gärtunavägen

SE-151 85 Södertälje Sweden

 

 

B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE

 

Medicinal product subject to medical prescription.

 

 

C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION

· Periodic safety update reports

 

The requirements for submission of periodic safety update reports for this medicinal product are set out in the list of Union reference dates (EURD list) provided for under Article 107c(7) of Directive 2001/83/EC and any subsequent updates published on the European medicines web-portal.

The marketing authorisation holder shall submit the first periodic safety update report for this product within 6 months following authorisation.

 

 

D. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT

· Risk Management Plan (RMP)

 

The MAH shall perform the required pharmacovigilance activities and interventions detailed in the agreed RMP presented in Module 1.8.2 of the marketing authorisation and any agreed subsequent updates of the RMP.

 

An updated RMP should be submitted:

· At the request of the European Medicines Agency;

· Whenever the risk management system is modified, especially as the result of new information being received that may lead to a significant change to the benefit/risk profile or as the result of an important (pharmacovigilance or risk minimisation) milestone being reached.


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ANNEX III

LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET


 

B. PACKAGE LEAFLET

Package Leaflet: Information for the patient

 

Lokelma 5 g powder for oral suspension Lokelma 10 g powder for oral suspension sodium zirconium cyclosilicate

 

This medicine is subject to additional monitoring. This will allow quick identification of new safety information. You can help by reporting any side effects you may get. See the end of section 4 for how to report side effects.

 

Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important information for you.

 

- Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.

- If you have any further questions, ask your doctor, pharmacist or nurse.

- This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even if their signs of illness are the same as yours.

- If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. See section 4.

 

What is in this leaflet

1. What Lokelma is and what it is used for

2. What you need to know before you take Lokelma

3. How to take Lokelma

4. Possible side effects

5. How to store Lokelma

6. Contents of the pack and other information

 

 

1. What Lokelma is and what it is used for

 

Lokelma contains the active substance sodium zirconium cyclosilicate.

 

Lokelma is used to treat hyperkalaemia in adults. Hyperkalaemia means that there is a high level of potassium in the blood.

 

Lokelma lowers the high levels of potassium in your body and helps to keep it at a normal level. As Lokelma passes through your stomach and gut it attaches to potassium and the two are carried together out of the body in your stools, lowering the amount of potassium in the body.

 

2. What you need to know before you take Lokelma Do not take Lokelma

· If you are allergic to the active substance.

 

Warnings and precautions

Monitoring

Your doctor or nurse will check your blood potassium level when you start taking this medicine:

· This is to make sure you are getting the correct dose. The dose may be raised or lowered based on your blood potassium level.

· Treatment may be stopped if your blood potassium level becomes too low.

 

While you are taking Lokelma, tell your doctor or nurse if

· you need to have an X-ray, as Lokelma may affect the interpretation of the results.

· you have sudden or severe pain in your abdomen as this may be a sign of a problem that is


observed with other medications that work in the gastrointestinal tract.

 

Children and adolescents

Do not give this medicine to children and adolescents under 18 years of age. This is because the effects of Lokelma in children and adolescents are not known.

 

Other medicines and Lokelma

Tell your doctor or nurse if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any other medicines.

 

In particular, tell them about any medicines which can change your blood potassium levels because your dose of Lokelma may need to be changed. These include:

· diuretics (medicines that increase urine production)

· angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as enalapril, and angiotensin receptor blockers which name ends with sartan (medicines for high blood pressure and for heart problems)

· renin inhibitors such as aliskiren (for high blood pressure)

 

If any of the above apply to you (or you are not sure), tell your doctor, pharmacist or nurse before taking this medicine.

 

Pregnancy and breast feeding

Pregnancy

Do not use this medicine during pregnancy because there is no information on its use in pregnancy.

 

Breast-feeding

No effects on the breastfed newborn/infant are anticipated since the systemic exposure of the breast- feeding woman to Lokelma is negligible. Lokelma can be used during breast-feeding.

 

Driving and using machines

This medicine has no or negligible influence on your ability to drive or to use machines.

 

 

3. How to take Lokelma

 

Always take this medicine exactly as your doctor has told you. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you are not sure.

 

How much to take

Starting dose - to lower your high potassium level to normal:

· The recommended dose is 10 g taken three times a day.

· The medicine takes one to two days to work.

· Do not take this starting dose for more than three days.

 

Maintenance dose - to keep your potassium level within the normal range after it has been lowered:

· The recommended dose is 5 g taken once a day.

· Your doctor may decide that you need more (10 g once a day) or less than this (5 g every other day).

· Do not take a maintenance dose of more than 10 g once a day.

 

Taking this medicine

· Try to take Lokelma at the same time each day.

· You can take this medicine with or without meal.

 

How to take

· Open the sachet and pour the powder into a drinking glass with approximately 45 ml of still (non-carbonated) water.

· Stir well and drink the tasteless liquid straight away.

· The powder does not dissolve and the liquid appears cloudy. The white powder will settle in the glass quickly. If this happens, stir the liquid again and drink it all up.

· Rinse the glass with more water and drink it all up to take all the medicine.

 

If you take more Lokelma than you should:

If you take more of this medicine than you should, talk to a doctor straight away. Do not take any more until you have spoken to a doctor.

 

If you forget to take Lokelma

· If you forget to take a dose of this medicine, skip the missed dose.

· Then take the next dose as usual at your normal time.

· Do not take a double dose to make up for a forgotten dose.

 

If you stop taking Lokelma

Do not reduce the dose of this medicine or stop taking it without talking to the doctor who prescribed it. This is because you may get high potassium levels in your blood again.

 

If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor, pharmacist or nurse.

 

 

4. Possible side effects

Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. Tell your doctor or nurse if you experience any of the following:

Common side effects (may affect up to 1 in 10 people).

· you start to feel tired, or have muscle weakness or cramps, this may be a sign that your blood potassium has become too low. Talk to your doctor immediately if these symptoms become severe.

· you start to have a build up of fluid in the tissues, leading to swelling anywhere in your body

(usually in the feet and ankles).

 

Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data).

· you start to have abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation.

· you start to have itching of the skin or recognise redness or scaling of your skin.

 

Reporting of side effects

If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the national     reporting system listed in Appendix V. By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.

 

 

5. How to store Lokelma

 

Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children.

 

Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the carton and the sachet after ‘EXP’. The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.

 

This medicine does not require any special storage conditions.


Do not throw away any medicines via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to throw away medicines you no longer use. These measures will help protect the environment.

 

6. Contents of the pack and other information What Lokelma contains

The active substance is sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. Lokelma 5 g powder for oral suspension

Each sachet contains 5 g of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. Lokelma 10 g powder for oral suspension

Each sachet contains 10 g of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate. There are no other ingredients in this medicine.

 

What Lokelma looks like and contents of the pack

The powder for oral suspension is a white, free flowing powder, essentially free of debris and particulates. It comes in a sachet.

 

Lokelma 5 g powder for oral suspension Each sachet contains 5 g of powder.

 

Lokelma 10 g powder for oral suspension Each sachet contains 10 g of powder.

 

The sachets are supplied in a carton containing 3 or 30 sachets.

 

Marketing Authorisation Holder

 

AstraZeneca AB

SE-151 85 Södertälje Sweden

 

Manufacturer

 

AstraZeneca AB Gärtunavägen

SE-151 85 Södertälje Sweden

 

For any information about this medicine please contact the local representative of the Marketing Authorisation Holder:

 


België/Belgique/Belgien AstraZeneca S.A./N.V. Tel: +32 2 370 48 11

Lietuva

UAB AstraZeneca Lietuva Tel: +370 5 2660550


 


България

АстраЗенека България ЕООД Тел.: +359 24455000

Luxembourg/Luxemburg AstraZeneca S.A./N.V. Tél/Tel: +32 2 370 48 11


 


Česká republika

AstraZeneca Czech Republic s.r.o. Tel: +420 222 807 111

Magyarország AstraZeneca Kft. Tel.: +36 1 883 6500


Danmark AstraZeneca A/S Tlf: +45 43 66 64 62

Malta

Associated Drug Co. Ltd Tel: +356 2277 8000


 


Deutschland AstraZeneca GmbH Tel: +49 41 03 7080

Nederland

AstraZeneca BV

Tel: +31 79 363 2222


 


Eesti

AstraZeneca

Tel: +372 6549 600

Norge

AstraZeneca  AS Tlf: +47 21 00 64 00


 


Ελλάδα

AstraZeneca A.E. Τηλ: +30 210 6871500

Österreich

AstraZeneca Österreich GmbH Tel: +43 1 711 31 0


 


España

AstraZeneca Farmacéutica Spain, S.A. Tel: +34 91 301 91 00

Polska

AstraZeneca Pharma Poland Sp. z o.o. Tel.: +48 22 245 73 00


 


France

AstraZeneca

Tél: +33 1 41 29 40 00

Portugal

AstraZeneca Produtos Farmacêuticos, Lda. Tel: +351 21 434 61 00


 


Hrvatska AstraZeneca d.o.o. Tel: +385 1 4628 000

România

AstraZeneca Pharma SRL Tel: +40 21 317 60 41


 


Ireland

AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals (Ireland) Ltd Tel: +353 1609 7100

Slovenija

AstraZeneca UK Limited Tel: +386 1 51 35 600


 


Ísland

Vistor hf.

Sími: +354 535 7000

Slovenská republika AstraZeneca AB, o.z. Tel: +421 2 5737 7777


 


Italia

AstraZeneca S.p.A. Tel: +39 02 9801 1

Suomi/Finland AstraZeneca Oy Puh/Tel: +358 10 23 010


 


Κύπρος

Αλέκτωρ Φαρµακευτική Λτδ Τηλ: +357 22490305

Sverige

AstraZeneca AB

Tel: +46 8 553 26 000


 


Latvija

SIA AstraZeneca Latvija Tel: +371 67377100

United Kingdom AstraZeneca UK Ltd Tel: +44 1582 836 836


 

 

 

This leaflet was last revised in Other sources of information

Detailed information on this medicine is also available on the European Medicines Agency web site: http://www.ema.europa.eu.