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Vfend 伏立康唑口服悬液

通用名称伏立康唑口服悬液 Voriconazole SUSP
品牌名称Vfend
产地|公司法国(France) | 辉瑞(Pfizer)
技术状态原研产品
成分|含量40mg/ml 75ml
包装|存储1瓶/盒 室温
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通用中文 伏立康唑口服悬液 通用外文 Voriconazole SUSP
品牌中文 品牌外文 Vfend
其他名称
公司 辉瑞(Pfizer) 产地 法国(France)
含量 40mg/ml 75ml 包装 1瓶/盒
剂型给药 混悬液 口服 储存 室温
适用范围 抗真菌 抗生素
通用中文 伏立康唑口服悬液
通用外文 Voriconazole SUSP
品牌中文
品牌外文 Vfend
其他名称
公司 辉瑞(Pfizer)
产地 法国(France)
含量 40mg/ml 75ml
包装 1瓶/盒
剂型给药 混悬液 口服
储存 室温
适用范围 抗真菌 抗生素

使用说明书

(免责声明:本说明书仅供参考,不作为治疗的依据,不可取代任何医生、药剂师等专业性的指导。本站不提供治疗建议,药物是否适合您,请专业医生(或药剂师)决定。)
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中文说明

(免责声明:本说明书仅供参考,不作为治疗的依据,不可取代任何医生、药剂师等专业性的指导。本站不提供治疗建议,药物是否适合您,请专业医生(或药剂师)决定。)

核准日期: 2006-11-12

修改日期: 2008-07-14;2013-05-02;2015-03-15;2016-11-11;2018-07-30;2019-08-06

【药品名称】

通用名称: 伏立康唑干混悬剂

英文名称: Voriconazole for Oral Suspension

商品名称: 威凡/Vfend

【成分】

本品主要成份为伏立康唑。 化学名称:(2R,3S)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(5-氟基-4-嘧啶)-1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-丁醇。化学结构式:


 

伏立康唑干混悬剂 https://db.yaozh.com/instruct/96389018.html

核准日期: 2006-11-12

修改日期: 2008-07-14;2013-05-02;2015-03-15;2016-11-11;2018-07-30;2019-08-06

【药品名称】

通用名称: 伏立康唑干混悬剂

英文名称: Voriconazole for Oral Suspension

商品名称: 威凡/Vfend

【成分】

本品主要成份为伏立康唑。 化学名称:(2R,3S)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(5-氟基-4-嘧啶)-1-(1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)-2-丁醇。化学结构式:


 from clipboard

 

分子式:C16H14F3N5O

分子量:349.31

本品所含辅料为:蔗糖,胶态二氧化硅,二氧化钛,黄原胶,枸橼酸钠、无水枸橼酸、苯甲酸钠、天然橘子香精。

【性状】 本品为白色或类白色粉末。

【适应症】

本品为广谱的三唑类抗真菌药,适用于治疗成人和 2 岁及 2 岁以上儿童患者的下列真菌感染:

1、侵袭性曲霉病。

2、非中性粒细胞减少患者的念珠菌血症。

3、对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌引起的严重侵袭性感染(包括克柔念珠菌)。

4、由足放线病菌属和镰刀菌属引起的严重感染。

本品主要用于进展性的、可能威胁生命的真菌感染性患者的治疗。

预防接受异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)的高危患者的侵袭性真菌感染。

【规格】 暂无权限

【用法用量】

1、干混悬剂的配制及储存和使用说明

伏立康唑干混悬剂的包装:一个体积为 100ml 的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)瓶(带有一个聚丙烯的儿童安全盖),内含 45g 干混悬剂。还包括一个量杯(最大刻度为23ml)、5ml 规格口服给药注射器和按下式瓶子转接器(PIBA)。

配制步骤:

1) 轻敲瓶体,松解药物粉末。

2) 用量杯每次量取 23ml 水加入瓶中,共两次。

3) 盖紧瓶盖,用力振摇 1 分钟。

4)打开儿童安全盖,将瓶口转接塞压入瓶口。

5)盖紧瓶盖。

6)在配制好的混悬液的瓶子标签上注明失效日期(配制好的混悬液保存期为 14 天)。

制成的混悬液体积为 75 ml,其中可用体积为 70 ml。

配伍禁忌

除配制步骤中提及可以使用的物质外,伏立康唑口服干混悬剂不能与其他药物混合。不可将配制好的混悬液再次用水或其他溶剂稀释。

储存:

伏立康唑干混悬剂在冰箱内(2 ~8℃ )保存。

制成的伏立康唑混悬液,低于 30 保存,不要冷藏或冷冻。

制成的伏立康唑混悬液储存期为 14 天。

使用说明:

每次服药前先振摇 10 秒钟。

服用配制后伏立康唑混悬液时应使用口服给药注射器。

任何未使用完的产品或废弃物应按照要求弃去。

2、剂量的一般考虑

配制后的伏立康唑混悬液应该至少在饭前 1 小时或饭后 2 小时后服用。

在使用伏立康唑治疗前或治疗期间应监测血电解质,如存在低钾血症、低镁血症和低钙血症等电解质紊乱应予以纠正。

成人及青少年用药(12~14 岁且体重≥50kg 者;15~17 岁者)则无需考虑体重。

无论静脉滴注还是口服给药,第一天均应给予首次负荷剂量,使其血药浓度接近于稳态浓度。由于口服剂型的生物利用度很高(96%),在有临床指征时口服和静脉滴注两种给药方法可以互换。

3、推荐剂量及其调整和治疗持续时间

成人

成人及青少年(12~14 岁且体重≥50kg 者;15~17 岁者)的推荐剂量:

 

静脉滴注

口服

患者体重≥40kg

患者体重<40kg*

负荷剂量

(适用于第1个24小时)

每12小时给药1

次,每次6 mg/kg

每12小时给药1次,每次400 mg(10ml)

每12小时给药1次,每次200 mg(5 ml)

维持剂量(开始用药24

小时以后)

每日给药2次,每

次4 mg/kg

每日给药2次,每次

200 mg(5 ml)

每日给药2次,每次

100 mg(2.5 ml)

*适用于15岁或以上的患者

治疗持续时间

治疗持续时间视患者用药后的临床疗效及微生物学检测结果而定,谨慎选择合理治疗时间。

静脉用药的疗程不宜超过 6 个月。对于 6 个月以上的长期治疗,应仔细权衡获益与风险。

剂量调整(成人)

如果患者治疗反应欠佳,口服给药的维持剂量可以增加到每日 2 次,每次 300 mg;体重<40kg 的患者,剂量调整为每日 2 次,每次 150 mg。

如果患者不能耐受上述较高的剂量,口服给药的维持剂量可以每次减 50 mg,逐渐减到每日 2 次,每次 200 mg(体重<40kg 的患者,减到每天 2 次,每次 100 mg)。 如果用于预防,请参见下文。

2 ~<12 岁的儿童和轻体重青少年(12 ~14 岁且体重 <50 kg 者)

伏立康唑应按儿童剂量给药,因为与成人相比,这些青少年的伏立康唑代谢方式与儿童更相似。

推荐的用药方案如下:

 

静脉

口服

负荷剂量

(适用于第1个24小时)

每12小时给药1次,每次9 mg/kg

未建议

维持治疗

(开始用药24小时以后

每日给药2次,每次8 mg/kg

每日给药2 次,每次9 mg/kg(最

大单次剂量350 mg,每日2 次)

备注:基于 112 例 2~<12 岁免疫缺陷儿童患者和 26 例 12~ <17 岁免疫缺陷青少年患者的群体药代动力学分析结果。

建议通过静脉滴注疗法开始治疗,并且只在取得明显临床改善时才考虑口服疗法。请注意,8 mg/kg 静脉滴注时伏立康唑暴露量大约是 9 mg/kg 口服时伏立康唑暴露量的两倍。

儿童的推荐剂量是基于干混悬剂的研究。尚未在儿童中进行口服混悬剂和片剂的生物等效性研究。考虑到儿童患者的胃肠通过时间可能较短,片剂在儿童的吸收可能与成人患者不同。因此建议 2~<12 岁的儿童患者采用口服干混悬剂配方。

对于所有其他青少年(12 至 14 岁且体重≥50 kg;15 至 17 岁任何体重),伏立康唑应按成人剂量给药。

剂量调整(儿童[2 至<12 岁]和轻体重青少年[12 至 14 岁且<50kg])

尚未对肝功能或肾功能不全的 2~<12 岁的儿童患者应用本品进行研究。

如果患者对治疗的反应欠佳,可按照 1mg/kg 增加剂量(如果最初使用的最大口服剂量为 350 mg 时增幅为 50 mg )。如果患者无法耐受治疗,则按照 1 mg/kg 降低剂量(如果最初使用的最大口服剂量为 350 mg 时降幅为 50 mg)。

成人及儿童中的预防

预防应当从移植当天开始且预防用药天数最长可为 100 天。应根据侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的发生风险尽可能缩短预防用药天数(根据中性粒细胞减少或免疫抑制确定)。只有当免疫抑制或移植物抗宿主病(GvHD)持续时,移植后的最长预防用药天数才可持续至 180 天。

剂量

在各年龄组中推荐的预防给药方案与治疗给药方案相同。请参见上面的治疗给药方案表格。

预防持续时间

尚未在临床试验中对伏立康唑使用时间超过 180 天的安全性和疗效进行充分的研究。对于 180 天(6 个月)以上的伏立康唑预防使用,需仔细评估效益与风险平衡。

以下内容同时适用于治疗和预防

剂量调整

对于预防使用,当缺乏疗效或发生治疗相关不良事件时,不建议调整剂量。如果发生治疗相关不良事件,则必须考虑停用伏立康唑以及使用替代抗真菌药物。

合并用药时的剂量调整

与苯妥英合用时,建议伏立康唑的口服维持剂量从每日 2 次,每次 200 mg 增加到每日2 次,每次 400 mg(体重<40kg 的患者,剂量从每日 2 次,每次 100 mg 增加到每日 2 次,每次 200 mg)。

伏立康唑应避免与利福布汀合用。如果必须联合使用时,建议伏立康唑的口服维持剂量从每天 2 次,每次 200 mg 增加到每天2 次,每次 350 mg(体重<40 kg 的患者,剂量从每日2 次,每次 100 mg 增加到每日 2 次,每次 200 mg)。

与依非韦伦合用:如伏立康唑的维持剂量增加至每 12 小时 400 mg 而依非韦伦的剂量减少 50 %,即减少到 300 mg 每日 1 次时,伏立康唑可与依非韦伦联合使用。停用伏立康唑治疗的时候,依非韦伦应当恢复到最初的剂量。

4、老年人

老年人应用本品时无需调整剂量。

5、肾功能损害

肾功能损害对本品口服给药的药代动力学没有影响。因此,轻度至重度肾功能损害者应用本品均无需调整剂量。

伏立康唑可经血液透析清除,清除率为 121ml/min。4 小时的血液透析仅能清除少许药物,无需调整剂量。

6、肝功能损害

轻度至中度肝硬化患者(Child-Pugh A 和 B)伏立康唑的负荷剂量不变,但维持剂量减半。

目前尚无伏立康唑应用于重度肝硬化患者(Child-Pugh C)的研究。

本品治疗肝功检查异常患者(天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶[AST]、谷氨酸氨基转氨酶[ALT]、碱性磷酸酶[ALP]或总胆红素高于正常上限 5 倍以上)的安全性数据非常有限。

有报道伏立康唑与肝功能检查异常增高和肝损伤临床体征有关,如黄疸,因此严重肝功能损害者应用本品时必须权衡利弊。

肝功能损害者应用本品时必须密切监测药物的毒性反应。

7、儿童用药

尚未在 2 岁以下儿童患者中评估本品的有效性和安全性。

【不良反应】

1、 安全性概要

成人中伏立康唑的安全性数据来自一个包括 2000 多例受试者(包括接受治疗成人患者1603 例和额外的预防性研究成人患者270 例)的安全性数据库。它代表了不同的人群,包括血液系统恶性肿瘤患者,患食道念珠菌病和难治性真菌感染的 HIV 感染患者,患念珠菌血症和曲霉病的非粒细胞减少患者以及健康志愿者。 最常见报告的不良反应是视觉损害、发热、皮疹、呕吐、恶心、腹泻、头痛、外周水肿、肝功能检查异常、呼吸窘迫和腹痛。 不良反应的严重程度一般为轻到中度。按年龄、种族和性别对安全性数据进行分析,未见显著的临床差异。

2、不良反应列表

下表中,因为大多数研究是开放性的,因此按系统器官分类列出了合并治疗(1603 例)和预防(270 例)研究中的 1873 例成人中出现的所有有因果关系的不良反应及其频率类别。

发生频率: 很常见(≥1/10);常见(≥1/100 但<1/10);少见(≥1/1000 但<1/100);罕见(≥1/10000 但<1/1000);非常罕见(<1/10000);未知(无法从已知数据推断)。

在各发生频率组,不良反应类型按其性质严重度降序排列。

表 应用伏立康唑的患者中报告的不良反应

系统器官分类

很常见≥1/10

常见≥1/100至<1/10

少见≥1/1000至<1/100

罕见≥1/10000至<1/1000

频率未知(无法从已知数据推断)

感染和侵染

 

鼻窦炎

伪膜性结肠炎

 

 

良性、恶性和性质未明的肿瘤(包括囊肿和息肉)



鳞状细胞癌*

血液和淋巴系统异常

 

粒细胞缺乏症1、全血细胞减少、血小板减少2、白细胞减少症、贫血

骨髓衰竭、淋巴结病、嗜酸性粒细胞增多症

弥散性血管内凝血

 

免疫系统异常

 

 

超敏

过敏样反应

 

内分泌异常

 

 

肾上腺功能不全、甲状腺功能减退 症

甲状腺功能亢进症

 

代谢和营养异常

外周水肿

低血糖、低钾血症、低钠血症

 

 

 

精神异常

 

抑郁、幻觉、焦虑、失眠、激越、意识模糊状态

 

 

 

神经系统异常 

头痛

 

惊厥、晕厥、震颤、肌张力增加3、感觉异常、嗜睡、头晕 

脑水肿、脑病4、锥体外系疾病5、周围神经病变、共济失调、感觉减退、味觉障碍

肝性脑病、格林-巴利综合征、眼球震颤 

 

眼部异常

视觉损害6

视网膜出血

视神经异常7、视神经乳头水肿8、动眼神经危象、复

视、巩膜炎、睑炎

视神经萎缩、角膜浑浊

 

耳和迷路异常

 

 

听觉减退、眩晕、耳鸣

 

 

心脏异常 

 

室上性心律失常、心动过速、心动过缓

室颤、室性期外收缩、室性心动过速、心电图 QT 延长、室上性心动过速

尖端扭转型室性心动过速、完全性房室传导阻滞、束支传导阻滞、结性心律

 

血管异常

 

低血压、静脉炎

血栓性静脉炎、淋巴管炎

 

 


系统器官分类 

      很常见

      ≥1/10

             常见

   ≥1/100至<1/10

            少见

≥1/1000至<1/100

           罕见

   ≥1/10000至<1/1000 

 频率未知(无法从已知数据推断)

呼吸、胸廓和纵隔异常 呼吸窘迫9
急性呼吸窘迫综合征、肺水肿



胃肠道异常

腹泻、呕吐、腹痛、恶心

唇炎、消化不良、便秘、牙龈炎

腹膜炎、胰腺炎、舌肿大、十二指肠炎、肠胃炎、舌炎

 

 

肝胆异常皮肤和皮下组织异常

肝功能检查异常皮疹

黄疸、胆汁淤积性黄疸、肝炎10剥脱性皮炎、脱发、斑丘疹、瘙痒、红斑

肝衰竭、肝肿大、胆囊炎、胆石症史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征

(Stevens-Johnson

8 syndrome [SJS])

、光毒性、紫癜

、荨麻疹、过敏性皮炎、丘疹样皮疹、斑状皮疹

、湿疹

 

 

中毒性表皮坏死松解症8 、药物反应伴噬酸性粒细胞增多和全身性症状(DRESS)8、血管性水肿、光化性角化病*、假性卟啉症、多形红斑、银屑病、药疹

皮肤型红斑狼疮*、雀斑*、雀斑样痣*

肌肉骨骼和结缔组织异常

 

背痛

关节炎

 

骨膜炎*

肾脏和泌尿系统异常

 

急性肾衰竭、血尿

肾小管坏死、蛋白尿、肾炎

 

 

全身异常及给药部位状况

发热

胸痛、面部水肿11、乏力、寒战

注射部位反应、流感样疾病

 

 

检查

 

血肌酐升高

血尿素升高、血胆固醇升高

 

 

*上市后发现的不良反应

1 包括伴有或不伴有发热的中性粒细胞减少症。

2 包括免疫性血小板减少性紫癜。

3 包括颈部僵硬和手足抽搐。

4 包括缺氧缺血性脑病和代谢性脑病。

5 包括静坐不能和帕金森病。

6 参见【不良反应】的“视觉损害”。

7 上市后报告了持久性视神经炎。参见【注意事项】。

8 参见【注意事项】。

9 包括呼吸困难和劳力性呼吸困难。

10 包括药物性肝损伤、中毒性肝炎、肝细胞损伤和肝脏毒性。

11 包括眶周水肿、唇水肿和口水肿。

对所选不良反应的描述

味觉改变

在 3 项关于干混悬剂的生物等效性研究中,与药物有关的味觉改变总发生率为 14%(12例)。

视觉损害

和伏立康唑有关的视觉损害(包括视力模糊、畏光、绿视症、色视症、色盲、蓝视症、眼部疾病、目晕、夜盲、振动幻觉、闪光幻觉、闪光暗点、视力下降、视觉亮度、视野缺损、玻璃体漂浮物和黄视症)很常见。视觉损害呈一过性,可以完全恢复。大多数在 60 分钟内自行缓解,未见有临床意义的长期视觉反应。有证据表明伏立康唑重复给药后这种情况减轻。视觉损害一般为轻度,导致停药的情况罕见,没有长期后遗症。视觉损害可能与较高的血药浓度和/或剂量有关。

虽然伏立康唑的作用部位似乎主要局限于视网膜,但其作用机制仍不清楚。一项研究中,以健康志愿者为对象研究了伏立康唑对视网膜功能的影响,发现本品可减小视网膜电波波形的振幅,停药后则恢复正常。视网膜电图通常用于检测视网膜中的电流情况。ERG 的变化在 29 天的治疗期内没有进展,停用伏立康唑后完全恢复。

上市后曾有长期视觉不良事件报告。

皮肤反应

临床试验中,伏立康唑治疗的患者皮肤反应很常见。但这些患者患有严重的基础疾病, 合并使用了多种伴随药物产品。大多数皮疹为轻到中度。伏立康唑治疗期间患者出现严重皮肤不良反应(SCARs),这些严重反应包括史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征(SJS,少见),中毒性表皮坏死松解症(TEN,罕见),药物反应伴噬酸性粒细胞增多和全身性症状(DRESS,罕见)和多形性红斑(罕见)(参见【注意事项】)。

如果患者出现皮疹,应当密切观察,如果病损进展,则要停用伏立康唑。已有光敏反应(例如雀斑、雀斑样痣和光化性角化病)的报告,特别是在长期治疗期间。

在长期使用伏立康唑治疗的患者中有皮肤鳞状细胞癌的报道。其形成机制仍不清楚。

肝功能检查:

在伏立康唑临床研究项目中,接受伏立康唑用于合并治疗和预防的成人和儿童受试者中转氨酶升高>3 x ULN(不一定构成不良事件)的总发生率分别为 18.0%(319/1768)和 25.8%(73/283)。肝功能检查异常可能与血药浓度较高和/或剂量较高有关。

大多数肝功能异常治疗中不需调整剂量即可恢复,或者在调整剂量后恢复,有的停药后恢复。

在有其他严重基础疾病的患者中,使用伏立康唑后有严重肝毒性反应,包括黄疸、肝炎和导致死亡的肝衰竭。

预防

一项针对接受异基因 HSCT 且先前未发生确诊或临床诊断 IFI 的成人和青少年患者所进行的开放性、对照、多中心研究对使用伏立康唑与伊曲康唑进行初级预防进行了比较,据报告,伏立康唑组中有 39.3%的受试者因不良事件而永久停药,而伊曲康唑组中有 39.6%的受试者因不良事件而永久停药。伏立康唑组有 50 例(21.4%)受试者因治疗中出现的肝脏不良事件而永久停用研究药物,而伊曲康唑组有 18 例(7.1%)。

儿童患者

在 288 例 2 岁到<12 岁(169 例)和 12 岁到<18 岁(119 例)的儿童患者中研究了伏立 康唑的安全性,这些患者在临床试验中接受了伏立康唑用于预防(183 例)和治疗(105 例)。 此外还在同情用药项目中的额外 158 例 2 岁到<12 岁的儿童患者中研究了伏立康唑的安全 性。总体而言,儿童人群中的伏立康唑安全性与成年人中的情况相似。然而,在儿童患者中 观察到肝酶升高(在临床试验中被报告为不良事件)频率有比成人更高的趋势(儿童中有 14.2%的转氨酶升高,而成人中为 5.3%)。上市后数据显示,对比成年人,儿童患者中皮肤 反应的发生率可能会较高(尤其是红斑)。22 例年龄不足 2 岁的患者在同情性使用项目中接 受了伏立康唑治疗,报告了下列不良反应(不能排除与伏立康唑有关):光敏反应(1 例)、 心律失常(1例)、胰腺炎(1 例)、血胆红素升高(1 例)、肝酶升高(1 例)、皮疹(1 例) 和视神经乳头水肿(1 例)。上市后报道中已有儿童患者胰腺炎的报道。

3、在中国成年人中进行的临床研究

在一项开放的、前瞻性、无对照、多中心研究中,评价了确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者应用伏立康唑治疗的安全性。共77例确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者入选,并接受伏立康唑治疗。共有62例受试者(80.5%)报告了182例治疗中出现的全因不良事件,其中90例被认为与治疗相关。治疗中出现的全因不良事件中最常见的为低钾血症(13.0%;5.2%与治疗相关)和视觉障碍(13.0%;所有均与治疗相关)。大部分不良事件属轻度或中度。18例受试者(23.4%)报告的不良事件属重度。14例受试者(18.2%)在研究期间发生了1个或多个严重不良事件,但均与治疗无关。另外5例受试者(6.5%)在治疗结束后发生了1个或多个严重不良事件;其中仅有1个被认为与治疗相关。 7例受试者(9.1%)在研究期间死亡,另有7例受试者(9.1%)在永久中止治疗或研究结束后(但在报告期内)死亡。实验室检查异常和生命体征改变总体并不显著。

报告疑似不良反应

在药品获得上市许可后,报告疑似不良反应非常重要,以便持续监测药品效益与风险之间的平衡。

【禁忌】

1、本品禁用于对其活性成份或其赋型剂过敏者。

2、本品禁止与 CYP3A4 底物联合使用,包括特非那汀、阿司咪唑、西沙必利、匹莫齐特和奎尼丁等。因为本品可使上述药物的血药浓度增高,导致 QT 间期延长,并且偶见尖端扭转性室性心动过速。

3、本品禁止与西罗莫司联合使用。伏立康唑可显著增加西罗莫司的血药浓度,因此,禁止这两种药物合用。

4、本品禁止与利福平、卡马西平和苯巴比妥联合使用。这些药物可能会显著降低本品的血药浓度,因此,本品禁止与这些药物合用。

5、本品禁止以标准剂量与每次400 mg(每日一次)及更高剂量的依非韦伦合用。健康受试者同时应用此剂量的依非韦伦与伏立康唑,伏立康唑的血药浓度显著降低。伏立康唑也能显著降低依非韦伦的血药浓度。

6、本品禁止与高剂量的利托那韦(每次 400mg 及以上,每日 2 次)联合使用。健康受试者同时应用此剂量的利托那韦与伏立康唑,伏立康唑的血药浓度显著降低。

7、本品禁止与麦角生物碱类药物联合使用,包括麦角胺、二氢麦角胺等。麦角生物碱类药物为 CYP3A4 的底物,二者合用后麦角类药物的血药浓度可能会增高而导致麦角中毒。

8、本品禁止与圣约翰草联合使用。

【注意事项】

1、过敏反应:

已知对其他唑类药物过敏者慎用本品。

2、心血管系统:

伏立康唑与QTc 间期延长有关。已有报道极少数使用本品的患者发生了尖端扭转型室性心动过速。这些患者通常伴有一些危险因素,例如曾经接受过具有心脏毒性的化疗药物、心肌病、低钾血症或同时使用其他可能会诱发尖端扭转型室性心动过速的药物。因此在伴有心律失常危险因素的患者中需慎用伏立康唑,例如:

•先天性或获得性QTc 间期延长

•心肌病,特别是目前存在心力衰竭者

•窦性心动过缓

•有症状的心律失常

•同时使用已知能延长QTc 间期的药物

在使用伏立康唑治疗前或治疗期间应当监测血电解质,如存在低钾血症、低镁血症和低 钙血症等电解质紊乱则应纠正。

一项研究表明:单次给予健康志愿者相当于4 倍常规剂量的伏立康唑,未发现有受试者QTc 间期超过 500 毫秒(注:可能因此发生临床不良事件(如心律失常)的阈值)。 3、肝毒性:

在临床研究中,伏立康唑治疗组中有严重的肝脏反应(包括肝炎、胆汁瘀积和致死性的暴发性肝衰竭)。肝脏反应的病例主要发生在伴有严重基础疾病(主要为恶性血液病)的患者中。一过性肝脏反应,包括肝炎和黄疸,可以发生在无其他确定危险因素的患者中。通常停药后肝功能异常即能好转。

4、监测肝功能:

患者接受伏立康唑治疗时必须仔细监测肝毒性。临床监测应包括在开始伏立康唑治疗时进行肝功能实验室检查(特别是天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT))并且第一个月内至少每周检查一次。治疗时间应该越短越好,但在根据效益-风险评估后治疗继续的情况下,如果肝功检查未见改变,检查频率可以降为每月一次。患者在治疗初以及在治疗中发生肝功能异常时均必须常规监测肝功能,以防发生更严重的肝脏损害。监测应包括肝功能的实验室检查(特别是肝功能检查和胆红素)。如果肝功检查发现指标显著升高,除非医生评估患者的效益-风险后认为应该继续用药,否则均应该停用伏立康唑。

在儿童和成年人中均需进行肝功能监测。

5、视觉不良反应:

疗程超过 28 天时伏立康唑对视觉功能的影响尚不清楚。有报道应用本品时发生视觉不良反应,包括视物模糊、视神经炎和视神经乳头水肿。如果连续治疗超过28 天,需监测视觉功能,包括视敏度、视野以及色觉。

6、肾脏不良反应:

有报道重症患者应用本品时可能发生急性肾衰竭。接受伏立康唑治疗的患者有可能也同 时合用具有肾毒性的药物或合并造成肾功能减退的其它疾病。

7、监测肾功能:

使用本品时需要监测肾功能,其中包括实验室检查,特别是血肌酐值。

8、监测胰腺功能:

具有急性胰腺炎高危因素(如最近接受过化疗、造血干细胞移植)的患者,尤其是儿童,在接受伏立康唑治疗期间应密切监测胰腺功能。在这种临床情况下可以考虑监测血清淀粉酶或脂肪酶。

9、剥脱性皮肤反应:

在治疗中有可能发生危及生命的严重皮肤不良反应(SCARs),如史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征(SJS), 中毒性表皮坏死松解症(TEN),药物反应伴噬酸性粒细胞增多和全身性症状(DRESS)。如果患者出现皮疹,则需严密观察。若皮损加重,则必须停药。

此外,伏立康唑与光毒性有关,包括雀斑、雀斑样痣、光化性角化病和假性卟啉症等反应。建议所有患者(包括儿童)在伏立康唑治疗期间避免日光直射,并且适当使用防护服和有高防晒因子(SPF)的防晒霜等措施。

10、长期治疗:

对于180 天(6 个月)以上的长期暴露(治疗或预防),需仔细评估效益与风险平衡,因此,医生应该考虑是否有必要限制伏立康唑的暴露量。已有长期使用伏立康唑发生以下严重不良事件的报道:

在一些有光毒性反应的患者中,已有伏立康唑长期治疗患者发生皮肤鳞状细胞癌(SCC)的报道。如果患者发生光毒性反应,咨询多科室意见后应该考虑停用伏立康唑和使用替代抗真菌药物,并将患者转诊至皮肤科。为了对癌前病变进行早期诊断和管理,有光毒性相关病变发生却继续使用伏立康唑的情况下,需系统性和定期进行皮肤病变评估。如果确诊癌前病变或者皮肤鳞状细胞癌,应停用伏立康唑。

在移植病人中,已有非感染性骨膜炎合并氟化物和碱性磷酸酶升高的报道。如果患者出现与骨膜炎表现一致的骨骼疼痛和影像学表现,应停用伏立康唑。

11、儿童用药:

本品在 2 岁以下儿童中的安全性和有效性尚未建立(参见【不良反应】和【药代动力学】)。伏立康唑适用于年龄≥2 岁的儿童患者。观察到儿童人群中的肝酶升高频率更高(见【不良反应】)。儿童和成年人均需监测肝功能。吸收不良和体重特别低的2 岁到<12 岁儿童患者中,口服生物利用度有限。这种情况下,建议静脉应用伏立康唑。

儿童人群中的光毒性反应频率更高。由于已有其会向 SCC 发展的报告,因此必须对该患者人群采取严格的光保护措施。对于出现光老化损伤(例如雀斑样痣或雀斑)的儿童,建议避免阳光照射并进行皮肤病学随访(即使在停止治疗后)。

12、预防:

如果发生治疗相关不良事件(肝脏毒性、光毒性及 SCC 等严重皮肤反应、严重或长期视觉障碍和骨膜炎),则必须考虑停用伏立康唑并使用替代抗真菌药物。

13、苯妥英(CYP2C9 底物和强 CYP450 诱导剂):

本品应尽量避免与苯妥英合用,权衡利弊后必须同时应用时,建议密切监测苯妥英的浓度。

14、依非韦仑(CYP450 诱导剂;CYP3A4 抑制剂和底物):

伏立康唑和依非韦伦合用时,伏立康唑的剂量应该每 12 小时增加 400 mg,而依非韦伦的剂量应该每 24 小时减少 300 mg。

15、利福布汀(强 CYP450 诱导剂):

两者合用时需密切监测全血细胞计数以及利福布汀的不良反应。除非利大于弊,否则应避免同时应用这两种药物。

16、利托那韦(强 CYP450 诱导剂;CYP3A4 抑制剂和底物):

伏立康唑应当避免与低剂量利托那韦(100mg,每日 2 次)合用,除非利益/风险评估证明应该使用伏立康唑。

17、依维莫司(CYP3A4 底物,P-gp 底物):

不推荐伏立康唑和依维莫司联合使用,因为伏立康唑预期会显著增加依维莫司的药物浓度。目前由于数据不足,尚无针对联合使用情况下的剂量推荐。

18、美沙酮(CYP3A4 底物):

当与伏立康唑合用时,需要密切监测美沙酮的不良反应和毒性,包括 QTc 间期延长,因为与伏立康唑合用时,美沙酮的血药浓度会升高。可能需要降低美沙酮剂量。

19、短效阿片类药物(CYP3A4 的底物):

与伏立康唑合用时,应考虑减少阿芬太尼、芬太尼和其它与阿芬太尼结构类似并且通过 CYP3A4 代谢的短效阿片类药物(如舒芬太尼)的剂量。当阿芬太尼与伏立康唑合用时,其半衰期延长 4 倍,一项独立研究显示,与伏立康唑合用可使芬太尼的平均AUC 0-∞升高,因此有必要密切监测阿片类药物相关的不良反应(包括延长其呼吸监护期)。

20、长效阿片类药物(CYP3A4 底物):

与伏立康唑合用时,应考虑降低羟考酮和其他通过 CYP3A4 代谢的长效阿片类药物(如氢可酮)的剂量,并密切监测阿片类药物相关的不良事件。

21、氟康唑(CYP2C9、CYP2C19 和 CYP3A4 抑制剂):

健康人群口服伏立康唑与口服氟康唑合用时,伏立康唑的 Cmax 和 AUCτ 显著增加。尚未确定降低伏立康唑和氟康唑剂量或给药频率以消除该影响的方法。在使用氟康唑后接着使用伏立康唑时,建议监测伏立康唑相关的不良反应。

22、伏立康唑干混悬剂含有蔗糖,因此,先天性果糖不能耐受者,蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺乏或葡萄糖-半乳糖吸收障碍者不宜使用本品。

23、对驾驶和操作机器能力的影响:

伏立康唑对驾驶和使用机器的能力可能有一定影响。本品可能会引起一过性的、可逆性的视觉改变,包括视物模糊、视觉改变、视觉增强和/或畏光。患者出现上述症状时必须避免从事有危险的工作,例如驾驶或操作机器。

24、胚胎-胎儿毒性:

伏立康唑应用于孕妇时可导致胎儿损害。

动物试验中,使用伏立康唑和致畸形,胚胎毒性,妊娠期延长,难产和胚胎死亡有关系。如在孕期使用伏立康唑,或在用药期间怀孕,应告知患者本品对胎儿的潜在危险。

25、实验室检查:

使用伏立康唑前应纠正电解质紊乱,包括低钾血症、低镁血症和低钙血症。

患者处理应当包括实验室评价肾功能(尤其是血清肌酐)和肝功能(尤其是肝功能检查和胆红素)。

26、药物相互作用:

见【药物相互作用】。

【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】

孕妇

目前尚无足够资料来评价伏立康唑在孕妇中使用的安全性。

动物实验显示本品有生殖毒性,但对人体的潜在危险性尚未确定。

伏立康唑不宜用于孕妇,除非对母亲的益处显著大于对胎儿的潜在毒性。

育龄期妇女

育龄期妇女应用伏立康唑期间需采取有效的避孕措施。

哺乳期妇女

尚无伏立康唑在乳汁中分泌的资料。当开始使用伏立康唑时必须停止哺乳。

生育能力

在动物研究中,雄鼠和雌鼠未显示生殖能力受损。

【儿童用药】

2~<12 岁的儿童和轻体重青少年(12~14 岁且体重<50 kg)以及青少年(12~14 岁且体重≥50 kg;15~17 岁者)的安全有效性已经建立,应严格遵照所推荐的剂量应用,详见【用法用量】项下内容。

本品在2 岁以下儿童中的安全性和有效性尚未建立。

【老年用药】

一项多剂量口服给药的研究中,健康老年男性(≥65 岁)的 Cmax和 AUCτ较健康年轻男性(18~45 岁)分别高 61%和 86%。但健康老年女性(≥65 岁)的 Cmax和 AUCτ 与健康年轻女性(18~45 岁)无显著差异。

治疗研究中未按照年龄调整用药剂量。研究中观察了血药浓度与年龄之间的关系。伏立康唑在年轻患者和老年患者中的安全性相仿,因此老年患者应用本品无需调整剂量。

【药物相互作用】

伏立康唑通过细胞色素 P450 同工酶代谢,并抑制细胞色素 P450 同工酶的活性,包括 CYP2C19,CYP2C9 和 CYP3A4。这些同工酶的抑制剂或诱导剂可能分别增高或降低伏立康唑的血药浓度,因此本品可能会增高通过 CYP450 同工酶代谢的物质的血药浓度。

除非特别注明,药物相互作用的研究在健康成年男性志愿者中进行。采用多剂量的给药方法,每次口服 200mg,每日 2 次,直到达到稳态浓度。这些研究结果对于其他人群和其他给药途径亦有参考意义。

正在使用能使 QTc 间期延长的其他药物者需慎用伏立康唑。与伏立康唑合用时,通过 CYP3A4 同功酶代谢的药物(如部分抗组胺药、奎尼丁、西沙比利、哌迷清)血药浓度可能会增高,因此,禁止这两种药物合用。

药物相互作用表

伏立康唑与其它药物之间的相互作用详见下表(每日 1 次用“QD”表示,每日 2 次用“BID”表示,每日 3 次用“TID”表示,未确定用“ND”表示)。每个药代动力学参数的箭头方向是基于各参数几何平均值比值的90%置信区间而确定,位于 80-125%范围之内(↔)、之下(↓)或之上(↑)。星号(*) 表示二者之间有相互作用。AUCτ, AUCt 和 AUC0-∞分别表示给药间隔、从零到血液中可检测到药物的时间以及从零到无穷的药时曲线下面积。

该表格中的相互作用按下列顺序阐述:禁止合用;合用时需要调整剂量并进行密切的临床和/或生物学监测;最后是无明显药代动力学相互作用,但可能在临床治疗中受到关注。

药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

阿司咪唑,西沙必利,匹莫齐特, 奎尼丁和特非那定

[CYP3A4底物]

尽管未经研究,这些药物的血药浓度增高,会导致Q-T间期延长,并且偶可导致尖端扭转型室性心动过速。

 

禁止合用

卡马西平和长效巴比妥类药物(如:苯巴比妥,甲苯比妥)

[强效CYP450诱导剂]

尽管未经研究,卡马西平及长效巴比妥类药物可能会显著降低伏立康唑的血药浓度。

 

 

禁止合用


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

依非韦伦(一种非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂)[CYP450诱导剂;CYP3A4抑制剂和底物]

依非韦伦400 mg每日1次与伏立康唑200 mg每日2次合用*

 

 

 

 

 

依非韦伦300 mg每日1次与伏立康唑400 mg每日2次合用*

 

 

 

依非韦伦Cmax↑38%依非韦伦AUCt  44%伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 61%伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 77%

 

与单用依非韦伦相比(600mg,每日1

次),

依非韦伦Cmax ↔

依非韦伦AUCt↑17%

 

与单用伏立康唑相比(每次200 mg, 每日2次),

伏立康唑Cmax ↑23%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 7%

 

 

禁止本品在标准剂量下与标准剂量(400 mg,每日1次或以上) 的依非韦伦同时应用。

 

符合以下条件时伏立康唑可与依非韦伦合用:伏立康唑的维持剂量增加到400 mg每日2次,而依非韦伦的剂量减少到每次300 mg每日1次。停用伏立康唑治疗的时候,依非韦伦应恢复到其初始剂量。

麦角生物碱(例如麦角胺和二氢麦角胺)

[CYP3A4底物]

虽然未经研究,但伏立康唑可能使麦角生物碱的血药浓度增高,从而导致麦角中毒。

 

禁止合用

利福布汀

[强效CYP450诱导剂]

每次300 mg,每日1次。

 

 

每次300 mg,每日1次。

(与伏立康唑合用,伏立康唑的用量为每次350mg,每日2次)*

 

 

 

每次300 mg,每日1次。

(与伏立康唑合用,伏立康唑的用量为每次400mg,每日2次)*

 

 

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 69%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 78%

 

与单用伏立康唑相比(每次200 mg, 每日2次),

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 4%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 32%

 

利福布汀Cmax ↑195%

利福布汀AUCt ↑331%

与单用伏立康唑相比(每次200 mg, 每日2次),

伏立康唑Cmax ↑104%

伏立康唑AUCt↑87%

应尽量避免同时使用伏立康唑与利福布汀 ,除非经权衡后利大于弊。

 

伏立康唑的维持剂量可增加到5 mg/kg(静脉滴注给药,每日2次),或从每次口服200mg,每日2次增加到每次口服350 mg, 每日2次(体重<40 kg的患者则从每次口服100mg,每日2次增加到每次口服200mg,每日2次)。当利福布汀与伏立康唑联用时, 建议密切监测患者的全血计数 和与利福布汀有关的不良反应

(如葡萄膜炎)。

利福平(每次600 mg,每日1次)

[强效CYP450诱导剂]

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 93%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 96%

禁止合用

利托那韦(蛋白酶抑制剂)

[强效CYP450诱导剂;CYP3A4抑制剂和底物]

 

高剂量(每次400 mg ,每日2次)

 

 

 

低剂量(每次100 mg ,每日2次)

*

 

 

利托那韦Cmax 和AUCt ↔

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 66%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 82%

 

利托那韦Cmax ¯ 25%利托那韦AUCt ¯13%伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 24%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 39%

 

禁止伏立康唑与高剂量利托那韦(每次400 mg或更高剂量 , 每日2次)同时使用。

 

应避免伏立康唑与低剂量利托那韦(100 mg ,每日2次)合用, 除非对患者的获益/风险评估支持使用伏立康唑。

圣约翰草

[CYP450诱导剂;P-gp诱导剂]

每次300 mg,每日3次。

(与单剂伏立康唑400mg合用)

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

 

伏立康唑AUC0-¥ ¯ 59%

 

 

禁止合用


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

依维莫司

[CYP3A4底物,P-gP底物]

尽管未经研究,但伏立康唑可能会显著增加依维莫司的血药浓度。

不推荐伏立康唑与依维莫司合用,因为伏立康唑可能会显著增加依维莫司的血药浓度。

氟康唑(200 mg,每日1次)

[CYP2C9,CYP2C19和CYP3A4抑制

剂]

伏立康唑Cmax↑57%伏立康唑AUCt↑79%氟康唑Cmax ND

氟康唑AUCt ND

尚未确定降低伏立康唑和氟康唑剂量或给药频率以消除该影响的方法。在使用氟康唑后接着使用伏立康唑,建议监测伏立康唑相关的不良反应。

苯妥英[CYP2C9底物和强效CYP450诱导剂]

每次300 mg,每日1次。

 

 

 

每次300 mg,每日1次。

(与伏立康唑合用,伏立康唑的用量为每次400mg,每日2次)*

 

 

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 49%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 69%

 

 

 

苯妥英Cmax↑67%

苯妥英AUCt↑81%

 

与伏立康唑相比(每次200mg,每日2

次),

伏立康唑Cmax↑34%

伏立康唑AUCt ↑39%

应尽量避免伏立康唑与苯妥英同时合用,除非经权衡后利大于弊。建议严密监测苯妥英的血药浓度。

 

下列情况下苯妥英可与伏立康  唑合用:伏立康唑的维持剂量增加到5 mg/kg (静脉滴注,每日2次),或从每次口服200 mg,每日2次增加到每次口服400 mg,每日2次(体重<40 kg的患者则从每次口服100 mg,每日2次增加到每次口服200 mg,每日2次)。

抗凝血药

 

华法林 (单剂30 mg,与伏立康唑合用,伏立康唑的用量为每次300 mg,每日2次)

[CYP2C9底物]

 

其它口服香豆素类药物

(例如苯丙羟基香豆素,醋硝香豆素)

[CYP2C9和CYP3A4底物]

 

 

两者合用后,凝血酶原时间最多约延长到了正常时间的2倍。

 

尽管未经研究,伏立康唑可能会增加香豆素类药物的血药浓度,进而可能导致凝血酶原时间延长。

当抗凝血药与伏立康唑联用时,建议密切监测患者的凝血酶原时间或其它合适的抗凝试验,并据此调整抗凝剂的剂量。

苯二氮卓类药物(例如咪达唑仑,三唑仑,阿普唑仑)

[CYP3A4底物]

尽管未经临床研究,但伏立康唑可能会使经CYP3A4代谢的苯二氮卓类药物血药浓度增高,进而导致该类药物镇静作用时间延长。

两者联用时,应考虑减少苯二氮卓类药物的剂量。


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

免疫抑制剂

[CYP3A4底物]

 

西罗莫司(单剂2mg)

 

 

 

 

 

环孢素(对病情稳定的肾移植患者进行长期环孢素治疗)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

他克莫司(每次0.1mg/kg,每日1次)

 

 

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

西罗莫司Cmax ↑6.6倍西罗莫司AUC0-¥↑11倍

 

 

环孢素Cmax ↑13%

环孢素AUCt ↑70%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

他克莫司Cmax ↑117%

他克莫司AUCt ↑221%

禁止伏立康唑与西罗莫司合用。

 

 

 

当已经接受环孢素治疗的患者开始应用伏立康唑时,建议将环孢素的剂量减半,并严密监测环孢素的血药浓度。环孢素血药浓度的增高可引起肾毒性。停用本品后仍需严密监测环孢素的血药浓度,如有需要可增大环孢素的剂量。

 

 

 

当已经接受他克莫司治疗的患者开始应用伏立康唑时,建议将他克莫司的剂量减至原先剂量的1/3,并严密监测他克莫司的血药浓度。他克莫司血药浓度的增高可引起肾毒性。停用本品后仍需严密监测他克莫司的血药浓度,如有需要可增大他克莫司的剂量。

长效阿片类药物

[CYP3A4底物]

 

羟考酮(单剂10mg)

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

 

羟 考 酮Cmax↑1.7倍 羟考酮AUC0-¥↑3.6倍

与伏立康唑合用时,应考虑降低羟考酮和其他通过CYP3A4代谢的长效阿片类药物(如氢可酮) 的剂量,必要时应频繁地监测与阿片类药物相关的一些不良反

应。

美沙酮(每次32-100mg,每日1次)

[CYP3A4底物]

R-美沙酮(活性构型) Cmax↑ 31% R-美沙酮(活性构型) AUCt↑ 47% S-美沙酮Cmax↑ 65%

S-美沙酮AUCt↑ 103%

当与伏立康唑合用时,建议密切频繁地监测与美沙酮相关的不良反应和毒性,包括QT间期延长。必要时,降低美沙酮的剂量。

非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)

[CYP2C9底物]

 

布洛芬(单剂400mg)

 

 

双氯芬酸(单剂50mg)

 

 

S-布洛芬Cmax↑ 20%

S-布洛芬AUC0-¥↑100%

双氯芬酸Cmax↑ 114%

双氯芬酸AUC0-¥↑78%

 

 

当与伏立康唑合用时,建议密切监测与非甾体类抗炎药相关的不良反应和毒性。必要时可能需要降低非甾体类抗炎药的剂量。

奥美拉唑(每次40mg,每日1次)* [CYP2C19抑制剂;CYP2C19和CYP3A4底物]

奥美拉唑 Cmax↑ 116%奥美拉唑AUCt↑280%

伏立康唑 Cmax ↑15%伏立康唑AUCt↑ 41%

 

伏立康唑也可能抑制其它CYP2C19底物的质子泵抑制剂,从而导致这些药物的血药浓度增高。

无需调整伏立康唑的剂量。

 

当对每日正在服用40mg或以上剂量奥美拉唑的患者开始同时使用伏立康唑时,建议将奥美拉唑的剂量减半。


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

口服避孕药*

[CYP3A4底物;CYP2C19抑制剂]

炔诺酮/炔雌醇(每次

1 mg/0.035 mg,每日1次)

炔 雌 醇Cmax↑36%炔 雌 醇AUCt↑  61%炔 诺 酮Cmax↑15%炔诺酮AUCt ↑53%伏立康唑Cmax ↑14%伏立康唑AUCt ↑46%

建议除了监测那些伏立康唑有关的不良反应外,同时监测与口服避孕药有关的不良反应。

短效阿片类药物

[CYP3A4底物]

 

阿芬太尼(每次20mg/kg,每日1

次,同时使用纳洛酮)

 

芬太尼(每次5 mg/kg,每日1次)

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

阿芬太尼AUC0-¥↑ 6倍

 

 

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

芬太尼AUC0-¥ ↑ 1.34倍

与伏立康唑合用时,应考虑减少阿芬太尼,芬太尼和其它与其结构类似并经CYP3A4代谢的短效阿片类药物(如舒芬太尼)的剂量。建议密切频繁地监测呼吸抑制及其它与阿片类药物相关的不良反应,并适当延长监测期。

他汀类药物(如洛伐他汀)

[CYP3A4底物]

虽然未经临床研究,伏立康唑与他汀类药物合用可能会使通过CYP3A4代谢的他汀类药物的血药浓度增高,从而可能导致横纹肌溶解。

两者合用时应考虑减少他汀类药物的剂量。

磺脲类药物(如甲苯磺丁脲,格列吡嗪,格列本脲)

[CYP2C9底物]

尽管未进行研究,伏立康唑可能增高磺脲类药物的血药浓度,从而引起低血糖症。

建议密切监测患者的血糖情况。应考虑减少磺脲类药物的剂量。

长春花生物碱类(如长春新碱和长春碱)

[CYP3A4底物]

尽管未经研究,伏立康唑可能增高长春花生物碱类药物的血药浓度,从而

产生神经毒性。

应考虑减少长春花生物碱类药物的剂量。

其他HIV蛋白酶抑制剂(如沙奎那韦,氨普那韦和奈芬纳韦)* [CYP3A4底物和抑制剂]

未进行过相关的临床研究。体外研究显示伏立康唑可能对HIV蛋白酶抑制剂的代谢有抑制作用,同时HIV蛋白酶抑制剂也可能抑制伏立康唑的代谢。

应密切监测任何可能发生的药物毒性/或药物失效的情况,同时也可能需要对两者的剂量进行调整。

其他非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂

(NNRTIs)(如地拉韦定,奈韦拉平)*

[CYP3A4底物,抑制剂或CYP450诱导剂]

未进行过相关的临床研究。体外研究显示NNRTIs  可抑制伏立康唑的代谢,同时伏立康唑也可能抑制NNRTIs的代谢。

依非韦伦对伏立康唑在体内代谢情况的影响提示非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂有可能诱导伏立康唑代谢。

应密切监测任何可能发生的药物毒性/或药物失效的情况,同时也可能需要对两者的剂量进行调整。

西米替丁(每次400 mg,每日2次)

[非特异性CYP450抑制剂及增高胃酸pH值]

伏立康唑Cmax ↑ 18%

伏立康唑AUCt ↑ 23%

无需进行剂量调整

地高辛(每次0.25 mg,每日1次)

[P-gp底物]

地高辛Cmax ↔

地高辛AUCt ↔

无需进行剂量调整

茚地那韦(每次800 mg,每日3次)

[CYP3A4抑制剂和底物]

茚地那韦Cmax ↔茚地那韦AUCt ↔伏立康唑Cmax ↔伏立康唑AUCt ↔

无需进行剂量调整


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

大环内酯类抗生素

 

红霉素(每次1 g,每日2次)

[CYP3A4抑制剂]

 

阿奇霉素(每次500 mg,每日1

次)

 

伏立康唑Cmax 和AUCt ↔

 

伏立康唑Cmax 和AUCt ↔

伏立康唑对红霉素或阿奇霉素有何影响目前尚不知晓。

 

无需进行剂量调整

麦考酚酸(单剂1 g)

[尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶底物]

麦考酚酸Cmax ↔

麦考酚酸AUCt ↔

无需进行剂量调整

强的松(单剂60 mg)

[CYP3A4底物]

强的松Cmax ↑ 11%

强的松AUC0-¥ ↑ 34%

无需进行剂量调整

雷尼替丁(每次150mg,每日2次)

[增高胃酸pH值]

伏立康唑Cmax 和AUCt ↔

无需进行剂量调整

 

【药物过量】

在临床研究中有 3 例儿童患者意外发生药物过量。这些患者接受了 5 倍于静脉推荐剂量的伏立康唑,其中出现 1 例持续 10 分钟的畏光不良反应。

目前尚无已知的伏立康唑的解毒剂。

伏立康唑已知的血液透析的清除率为 121ml/min,所以当药物过量时血液透析有助于将伏立康唑从体内清除。

【临床试验】

在本节中,临床疗效评定为治愈和好转者均统计为有效。

1、曲霉菌感染——伏立康唑在预后差的曲霉菌病患者中的疗效

体外伏立康唑对曲霉菌属具有杀菌作用。在一项开放、随机、多中心的研究中,比较了伏立康唑和两性霉素 B 在 277 例免疫功能减退的急性侵袭性曲霉病患者中的疗效和生存受益,疗程为 12 周。在第一个 24 小时内,每 12 个小时静脉滴注 6 mg/kg 负荷剂量的伏立康唑。之后,每 12 个小时使用 4 mg/kg 的维持剂量,持续至少 7 天。然后,转为口服剂型治疗,每 12 小时服用200 mg。静脉滴注伏立康唑的治疗时间中位数为 10 天(范围 2-85 天)。在静脉滴注伏立康唑治疗后,口服伏立康唑治疗时间的中位数是 76 天(范围 2-232 天)。

治疗组和对照组的总有效率分别为 53%和 31%(基线时异常的症状体征以及影像学/支气管镜检查完全或部分恢复正常)。治疗组第 84 天生存率显著高于对照组。此外,伏立康唑在死亡时间和因毒性停药的时间方面均有显著优势,并具有显著的临床意义和统计学意义。

这项研究证实了早期一项前瞻性研究的结果。后者的研究对象为伴有预后不良危险因素的患者,包括移植物抗宿主病,特别是颅内感染(通常死亡率为 100%)患者,经本品治疗后获得了良好效果。

本项研究包括了伴有骨髓移植、实体器官移植、血液系统恶性肿瘤、癌症或者艾滋病等基础疾病患者的脑部、窦、肺部曲霉病和播散性曲霉病。

2、非中性粒细胞减少患者的念珠菌血症

一项以两性霉素 B 继予氟康唑的序贯疗法为对照的开放、对照研究证实了伏立康唑作为念珠菌血症初始治疗的有效性。该研究纳入 370 例证实为念珠菌血症的非中性粒细胞减少患者(12 岁以上),其中 248 例接受伏立康唑治疗。9 例伏立康唑组和 5 例两性霉素 B 继予氟康唑序贯组的患者,同时还存在经真菌学证实的深部组织感染。该研究排除了肾功能衰竭的患者。两组中位治疗时间均为 15 天。主要分析中,“治疗有效”由对给药方案处于盲态的数据审核委员会(DRC)进行评价,“治疗有效”定义为:治疗结束后(EOT)12 周时,所有感染症状和体征缓解/改善,同时念珠菌从血液里和感染的深部组织清除。EOT 后 12 周没有接受评价的患者视为治疗失败。该分析表明两治疗组均有 41%的患者治疗有效。

次要分析采用最近一个可评价时间点(即:EOT, 或 EOT 后 2、6 或 12 周)的 DRC 评价结果,伏立康唑与两性霉素 B 继予氟康唑序贯治疗的成功率分别为 65%和 71%。对于不同时间点的研究者评价的结果列于下表:

     

       评价时间点

伏立康唑

(N=248)

两性霉素B序贯氟康唑

(N=122)

EOT(治疗结束)

178 (72%)

88 (72%)

EOT后2周

125 (50%)

62 (51%)

EOT后6周

104 (42%)

55 (45%)

EOT后12周

104 (42%)

51 (42%)

3、严重的难治性念珠菌感染

本项研究包括有 55 例严重的难治性念珠菌感染患者(包括念珠菌血症、播散性和其它侵袭性念珠菌病),这些患者已接受过抗真菌治疗,特别是氟康唑,但均无效。经伏立康唑治疗后有效者 24 例(15 例治愈,9 例好转)。对氟康唑耐药的非白念珠菌菌株感染者中,3/3 的克柔念珠菌(治愈)和 6/8 的光滑念珠菌(5 例治愈和 1 例好转)感染治疗有效。有限的药敏资料也支持了临床疗效。

4、足放线病菌属和镰刀菌属感染

伏立康唑对以下罕见的真菌感染有效:

足放线病菌属:伏立康唑治疗组中,28 例尖端赛多孢感染患者中治疗有效者 16 例(6 例治愈,10 例好转);7 例多育赛多孢感染患者中 2 例治疗有效(均为好转)。此外,3 例混合(1 种以上病原菌,其中包括足放线病菌属)感染者中 1 例治疗有效。

镰刀菌属:伏立康唑治疗组 17 例患者,7 例有效(3 例治愈,4 例好转)。这 7 例患者中,3 例为眼感染,1 例为窦感染,3 例为播散性感染。另有 4 例镰刀菌病患者存在混合感染,其中 2 例治疗有效。

上述罕见病原菌感染中,大多数患者对原有的抗真菌治疗无效或不能耐受。

5、侵袭性真菌感染的初级预防-在接受 HSCT 且先前未发生确诊或临床诊断 IFI 的患者中的疗效

一项针对接受异基因HSCT且先前未发生确诊或临床诊断IFI的成人或青少年患者所进行的开放性、对照、多中心研究比较了使用伏立康唑与伊曲康唑进行初级预防的疗效。“治疗有效”定义为:接受HSCT后能够持续使用研究药物预防达100天(中断治疗不大于14天),以及接受HSCT后存活180天且未发生确诊或临床诊断的IFI。修正的意向性治疗(MITT)研究组包括465例接受异体HSCT的患者,其中45%的患者患有AML。所有患者中有58%采用清髓性预处理方案。患者在接受HSCT后立即开始使用研究药物进行预防:224例接受伏立康唑,241例接受伊曲康唑。在MITT研究组中,使用研究药物进行预防的中位持续时间分别为伏立康唑组96天,伊曲康唑组68天。

下表列出了治疗有效率和其他次要终点:

研究终点

伏立康唑

N=224

伊曲康唑

N=241

比例差和95%置信区间(CI)

P值

第180天时治疗有效*

109 (48.7%)

80 (33.2%)

16.4% (7.7%, 25.1%)**

0.0002**

第100天时治疗有效

121 (54.0%)

96 (39.8%)

15.4% (6.6%, 24.2%)**

0.0006**

至少完成100天研究药物预防

120 (53.6%)

94 (39.0%)

14.6% (5.6%, 23.5%)

0.0015

存活到第180天

184 (82.1%)

197 (81.7%)

0.4% (-6.6%, 7.4%)

0.9107

到第180天时发生了确定或临床诊断

IFI

3 (1.3%)

5 (2.1%)

-0.7% (-3.1%, 1.6%)

0.5390

到第100天时发生了确定或临床诊断

IFI

2 (0.9%)

4 (1.7%)

-0.8% (-2.8%, 1.3%)

0.4589

使用研究药物时发生了确定或临床诊断IFI

0

3 (1.2%)

-1.2% (-2.6%, 0.2%)

0.0813

* 主要研究终点

** 调整随机分组后得到的比例差、95% CI和p值

下表分别列出患有AML和采用清髓性预处理方案的患者到第180天时的突破性IFI发生率和主要研究终点(第180天时治疗有效):

AML

研究终点

伏立康唑

(N=98)

伊曲康唑

(N=109)

比例差和95%置信区间(CI)

突破性IFI-第180天

1 (1.0%)

2 (1.8%)

-0.8% (-4.0%, 2.4%)**

第180天时治疗有效*

55 (56.1%)

45 (41.3%)

14.7% (1.7%, 27.7%)***

* 主要研究终点

** 采用5%的边际误差,非劣效性得到证实

*** 调整随机分组后得到的比例差和95% CI

清髓性预处理方案

研究终点

伏立康唑

(N=125)

伊曲康唑

(N=143)

比例差和95%置信区间(CI)

突破性IFI-第180天

2 (1.6%)

3 (2.1%)

-0.5% (-3.7%, 2.7%)**

第180天时治疗有效*

70 (56.0%)

53 (37.1%)

20.1% (8.5%, 31.7%)***

* 主要研究终点

** 采用5%的边际误差,非劣效性得到证实

*** 调整随机分组后得到的比例差和95% CI

IFI的次级预防-在接受HSCT且先前发生确诊或临床诊断IFI的患者中的疗效

一项针对接受异基因HSCT且先前发生确诊或临床诊断IFI的成人患者所进行的开放性、非对照、多中心研究评估了使用伏立康唑进行次级预防的疗效。主要终点为接受HSCT后第一年期间确诊或临床诊断IFI的发生率。MITT研究组包括40例先前发生IFI的患者,其中31 例为曲霉病,5例为念珠菌病,4例为其他IFI。在MITT研究组中,使用研究药物进行预防的中位持续时间为95.5天。

在接受 HSCT 后的第一年期间,有 7.5%(3/40)的患者发生确诊或临床诊断的 IFI,包括一例念珠菌血症病例、一例赛多孢子菌病病例(两例皆为先前 IFI 的复发)、以及一例接合菌病病例。第 180 天时的生存率为 80.0%(32/40),而 1 年时的生存率为70.0%(28/40)。

6、疗程

临床研究中,705 例患者伏立康唑的疗程超过 12 周,164 例超过 6 个月。

7、儿童用药经验

在两项前瞻性、开放性、非对照、多中心临床试验中,53 例 2 岁到<18 岁的儿童患者接受了伏立康唑治疗。一项研究入组了 31例确诊、临床诊断、或拟诊患有侵袭性曲霉病(IA)的患者,其中 14 例为确诊或临床诊断患有 IA 的患者,被纳入到 MITT疗效分析中。第二项研究入组了 22 例需要进行初始或挽救治疗的侵袭性念珠菌病(包括念珠菌血症[ICC]和食道念珠菌病[EC])患者,其中 17 例被纳入到 MITT 疗效分析中。对于 IA 患者,第 6 周时的整体总有效率为 64.3% (9/14),2 岁到<12岁和 12 岁到<18 岁的患者的总有效率分别为 40% (2/5)和 77.8% (7/9)。对于ICC 患者,EOT 时的总有效率为 85.7% (6/7),对于 EC 患者,EOT 时的总有效率为 70% (7/10)。2 岁到<12 岁和 12 岁到<18 岁的患者的整体有效率(ICC 和 EC 合并)分别为88.9% (8/9)和 62.5% (5/8)。

8、对于 QTc 间期的临床研究

一项单剂随机、对照、交叉研究评价了伏立康唑和酮康唑对 QTc 间期的影响。健康受试者分别口服伏立康唑800mg、1200mg、1600mg 和酮康唑 800mg,安慰剂校正后的平均最大 QTc 间期延长时间分别为 5.1 毫秒、4.8 毫秒、8.2 毫秒和 7.0 毫秒。任何一组受试者 QTc 间期的延长时间与基线相比均不超过 60 毫秒。未发现有受试者 QTc 间期超过 500 毫秒这一潜在临床相关阈值。

9、确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者的疗效

在一项开放的、前瞻性、非对照、多中心的研究中,证实了伏立康唑在确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者中的疗效。共计77名确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者入选研究,并接受伏立康唑治疗。主要终点为,第6周总体疗效评价时改良的意向治疗人群(MITT)的治疗成功率(定义为“痊愈”或“改善”的受试者比例),其结果高达 74.3%(95% CI: 62.4%, 84.0%),且与在符合方案人群(PP)中的结果相当,具体见下表。本研究的次要疗效终点包括:第6周时的临床改善率77.1% (95% CI: 65.6%, 86.3%)、内镜检查/ 影像学改善率52.9% (95% CI: 40.6%, 64.9%)、真菌学清除率(定义为“清除”或“假定清除”)58.6% (95% CI: 46.2%, 70.2%),以及第6周时改良的意向治疗人群的再次感染率1.4% (95% CI: 0.0%, 7.7%)。

确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者的疗效第6周时的总体疗效评价 (MITT和PP人群)

 

伏立康唑

 

改良的意向治疗人群

N=70

符合方案人群

N=49

 

n(%)

95% CI

n(%)

95% CI

IV治疗结束a

53

 

37

 

痊愈

5(9.4)

 

2(5.4)

 

改善

42(79.2)

 

31(83.8)

 

稳定

5(9.4)

 

3(8.1)

 

复发

0(0.0)

 

0(0.0)

 

无效

0(0.0)

 

0(0.0)

 

未评价

1(1.9)

 

1(2.7)

 

成功:痊愈或改善

47(88.7)

77.0%, 95.7%

33(89.2)

74.6%, 97.0%

第6周/LOCF结束

70

 

49

 

痊愈

9(12.9)

 

6(12.2)

 

改善

43(61.4)

 

33(67.3)

 

稳定

10(14.3)

 

6(12.2)

 

复发

0(0.0)

 

0(0.0)

 

无效

4(5.7)

 

4(8.2)

 

未评价

4(5.7)

 

0(0.0)

 

成功:痊愈或改善

52(74.3)b

62.4%, 84,0%

39(79.6)

65.7%, 89.8%

随访结束c

70

 

35

 

痊愈

12(17 1)

 

8(22.9)

 

改善

40(57.1)

 

26(74.3)

 

稳定

10(14.3)

 

1(2.9)

 

复发

0(0.0)

 

0(0.0)

 

无效

4(5.7)

 

0(0.0)

 

未评价

4(5.7)

 

0(0.0)

 

成功:痊愈或改善

52(74.3)

62.4%, 84.0%

34(97.1)

85.1%, 99.9%

MITT,改良的意向治疗。PP, 符合方案。CI,可信区间(基于 Exact 法)。IV,静脉内,LOCF,末次观察值结转。

a 仅包括序贯口服剂型治疗或采用静脉剂型治疗完成研究的受试者。

b 主要终点。

c 针对改良的意向治疗分析的末次观察值结转。仅纳入符合方案分析中的完成随访的受试者。

【药理毒理】

药理作用

作用机制

伏立康唑的作用机制是抑制真菌中由细胞色素P450介导的14α-甾醇去甲基化,从而抑制麦角甾醇的生物合成。体外试验表明伏立康唑具有广谱抗真菌作用。伏立康唑对念珠菌属(包括耐氟康唑的克柔念珠菌、光滑念珠菌和白念珠菌耐药株)具有抗菌作用,对所有检测的曲霉菌属真菌有杀菌作用。此外,伏立康唑在体外对其他致病性真菌也有杀菌作用,包括对现有抗真菌药敏感性较低的菌属,例如足放线病菌属和镰刀菌属。

微生物学

临床研究表明伏立康唑对曲霉属,包括黄曲霉、烟曲霉、土曲霉、黑曲霉、构巢曲霉;念珠菌属,包括白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌以及部分都柏林念珠菌、平常念珠菌和季也蒙念珠菌;足放线病菌属,包括尖端赛多孢和多育赛多孢和镰刀菌属有临床疗效(定义为好转或治愈)。

其他伏立康唑治疗有效(通常为治愈或好转)的真菌感染包括链格孢属、皮炎芽生菌、头状芽生裂殖菌、枝孢霉属、粗球孢子菌、冠状耳霉、新型隐球菌、喙状凸脐孢、棘状外瓶霉、裴氏着色霉、足菌肿马杜拉菌、淡紫色拟青霉;青霉菌属,包括马尔尼菲蓝状菌、烂木瓶霉、短帚霉;毛孢子菌属,包括白色毛孢子菌感染。

体外试验观察到伏立康唑对以下临床分离的真菌有抗菌作用,包括枝顶孢属、链格孢属、双极霉属、支孢瓶霉属、荚膜组织胞浆菌。伏立康唑在0.05-2μg/ml的浓度范围,可以抑制大多数的菌株。

体外试验表明伏立康唑对弯孢霉属和孢子丝菌属有抗菌作用,但其临床意义尚不清楚。

治疗前应采集标本进行真菌培养,并进行其他相关的实验室检查(血清学检查和组织病理学检查),以便分离和鉴定病原菌。在获得培养结果和其他实验室检查结果以前必须先进行抗感染治疗,但是一旦获得结果,应据此调整用药方案。

药敏试验方法

曲霉菌属和其他丝状真菌

曲霉菌属和其他丝状真菌的折点标准尚未建立。

念珠菌属

伏立康唑对念珠菌属的折点标准仅适用于美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)M27 微量肉汤稀释法的 24 小时 MIC 读数结果,或 M44 纸片扩散法 24 小时抑菌圈直径读数结果。

稀释法技术:该法用于定量测定抗真菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),通过 MIC 可估计念珠菌属对抗真菌药物的敏感性。MIC 应采用标准化测定方法在第 24 小时测定(肉汤稀释法),MIC 值应按照下表中的折点标准进行解读。

扩散法技术:该定性方法需测量抑菌圈直径,能够可重复地评估念珠菌属对抗真菌药物的敏感性。该标准化方法需要使用标准化接种物浓度,使用经 1 微克伏立康唑浸透的纸片在第 24 小时来检测酵母菌对伏立康唑的敏感性。下表提供了纸片扩散法的折点标准。

伏立康唑敏感性标准

 

微量肉汤稀释法24小时

(MIC,单位mg/ml)

纸片扩散法24小时

(抑菌圈直径,单位mm)

敏感(S)

中介(I)

耐药(R)

敏感(S)

中介(I)

耐药(R)

白念珠菌

£0.12

0.25-0.5

³1.0

³17

15-16

£14

克柔念珠菌

≤0.5

1

≥2

³15

13-14

£12

近平滑念珠菌

≤0.12

0.25-0.5

≥1

³17

15-16

£14

热带念珠菌

≤0.12

0.25-0.5

≥1

³17

15-16

£14

注:目前的数据不足以证明光滑念珠菌和伏立康唑的体外药敏试验和临床结果之间的相关性。

报告结果为敏感(S)时表示,抗菌药物在感染部位达到通常可达到的浓度时很可能能够抑制微生物生长。报告为中介 (I) 则表示结果可疑,如果微生物对替代药物、临床可得药物不够敏感,应该重复检测。此分类意味着在药物生理性浓集的身体部位或高剂量使用该药物时,此类药物具有临床适用性。此分类也提供了一个缓冲区,以免因细小的未能控制的技术因素导致判读时出现大的偏差。报告结果为耐药(R)时表示,抗菌药物即使在感染部位达到通常可达到的浓度,也可能无法抑制病原体生长;应选择其他疗法。

质量控制

标准化药敏试验方法需要使用实验室控制来监控和确保试验用品和试剂、试验操作人员技术的准确性和精确性。下表中注明的范围数值是用标准的伏立康唑粉末来测定的。对于使用 1 μg 纸片的稀释技术需要符合下表的标准。

注:质控微生物是具有与耐药机制相关的生物学特性及真菌遗传学表达特性的特定微生物菌株,无临床意义。

伏立康唑经药敏试验结果验证可接受的质控范围

质控菌株

微量肉汤稀释法24小时

(MIC,单位mg/ml)

纸片扩散法24小时

(抑菌圈直径,单位mm)

近平滑念珠菌

ATCC 22019

0.016-0.12

28-37

克柔念珠菌

ATCC 6258

0.06-0.5

16-25

白念珠菌

ATCC 90028

*

31-42

* 由于在最初的质控研究中存在广泛的实验室间变异,尚未确定该菌株/抗真菌药组合的质控范围。

ATCC 是美国标准生物品收藏中心的注册商标。

在动物模型中活性

伏立康唑在免疫功能正常和/或免疫抑制的豚鼠中,对烟曲霉(包括一株对伊曲康唑敏感性降低的菌株)或念珠菌属 [白念珠菌(包括一株对氟康唑敏感性降低的菌株)、克柔念珠菌和光滑念珠菌]所致的全身性和/或肺部感染有效,该研究的终点是:感染动物的生存期延长和/或靶器官的真菌负荷减轻。在一项试验中,伏立康唑在免疫功能正常的豚鼠中对尖端赛多孢感染有效。

耐药性

现已知有伏立康唑耐药性发展的可能。耐药机制可能包括 ERG11 基因突变(该基因负责编码目标酶,羊毛甾醇 14α-去甲基化酶)、ATP 结合盒外排转运蛋白(即念珠菌耐药性CDR 泵)基因表达的上调以及降低药物靶向结合能力,或者这些机制的混合。目前尚未获知伏立康唑抗菌谱中的各类真菌耐药性发展的情况。

对氟康唑和伊曲康唑敏感性降低的真菌对伏立康唑的敏感性亦有可能降低,提示在这些唑类药物中可能存在着交叉耐药。交叉耐药与临床疗效之间的关系尚未完全确立。如果临床病例的分离菌呈现交叉耐药,则可能需要更换其他抗真菌药物治疗。

毒理研究

遗传毒性

在体外人淋巴细胞培养过程中加入伏立康唑,可观察到伏立康唑的致畸变作用(主要为染色体断裂)。在 Ames 试验、CHO 试验,小鼠微核试验或 DNA 修复试验(程序外 DNA 合成试验)中均未发现伏立康唑有基因毒性。

生殖毒性

在类似于人类治疗剂量的暴露量下,伏立康唑对雄性和雌性大鼠的生殖能力均未见损害。伏立康唑的全身暴露量相当于人用治疗剂量所达到的暴露量时,对大鼠具有致畸作用,对家兔具有胚胎毒性。在围产期研究中,大鼠给予低于人用治疗剂量所达到的暴露量后,妊娠时间延长、分娩时间延长、引起难产导致母鼠死亡、围产期幼鼠存活率降低。与其他唑类抗真菌药相仿,伏立康唑影响分娩的机制很可能有种属特异性,包括降低雌二醇的水平。

致癌性

在大鼠和小鼠中进行了为期 2 年的伏立康唑致癌性研究。大鼠分别经口给予伏立康唑 6、18 或 50mg/kg(按 mg/m2 计算,分别为常用维持剂量的 0.2、0.6 或 1.6 倍)。在给予50mg/kg 伏立康唑的雌鼠中检测到肝细胞腺瘤,在给予 6mg/kg 和 50mg/kg剂量的雄鼠中检测到肝细胞癌。小鼠分别经口给予 10、30 或 100mg/kg 伏立康唑(按 mg/m2 计算,分别为常用维持剂量的0.1,0.4 或 1.4 倍),在两种性别的小鼠中均检测到肝细胞腺瘤,在给予 1.4 倍常用维持量伏立康唑的雄小鼠中还检测到了肝细胞癌。

其他

重复给药的毒性研究提示伏立康唑的靶器官为肝脏。与其他抗真菌药相似,实验动物发生肝毒性时的血浆暴露量相当于人用治疗剂量所达到的暴露量。大鼠、小鼠和犬的实验发现伏立康唑也可诱导肾上腺发生微小病变。

【药代动力学】

1、一般药代动力学特点

分别在健康受试者、特殊人群和患者中进行了伏立康唑的药代动力学研究。对伴有曲霉病危险因素(主要为淋巴系统或造血组织的恶性肿瘤)的患者研究发现,每日 2 次口服伏立康唑,每次 200mg 或 300mg,共 14 天,其药代动力学特点(包括吸收快,吸收稳定,体内蓄积和非线性药代动力学)与健康受试者一致。

由于伏立康唑的代谢具有饱和性,所以其药代动力学呈非线性,暴露药量增加的比例远大于剂量增加的比例。因此如果口服剂量从每日 2 次,每次 200mg 增加到每日 2 次,每次 300mg 时,估计暴露量(AUCτ)平均增加 2.5 倍。口服 200mg 的维持剂量(对于体重小于 40kg 的患者则为 100mg)能够达到近似于 3mg/kg 静脉给药的伏立康唑暴露量。而口服 300mg 的维持剂量(对于体重小于 40kg 的患者则为 150mg)则能达到近似于 4mg/kg 静脉给药的暴露量。当给予受试者推荐的负荷剂量(静脉滴注或口服)后,24 小时内其血药浓度接近于稳态浓度。如不给予负荷剂量,每日 2 次多剂量给药后大多数受试者的血药浓度约在第 6 天时达到稳态。

吸收

口服本品吸收迅速而完全,给药后 1~2 小时达血药峰浓度。口服后绝对生物利用度约为 96%。分别口服片剂 200mg 和 5ml 规格为 40mg/ml 干混悬剂,两者体内生物等效。当多剂量给药,且与高脂肪餐同时服用时,伏立康唑的血药峰浓度和给药间期的药时曲线下面积分别减少 58%和 37%。胃液 pH 值改变对本品吸收无影响。

分布

稳态浓度下伏立康唑的分布容积为 4.6 L/kg,提示本品在组织中广泛分布。血浆蛋白结合率约为 58%。一项研究中,对 8 名患者的脑脊液进行了检测,所有患者的脑脊液中均可检测到伏立康唑。

生物转化

体外试验表明伏立康唑通过肝脏细胞色素 P450 同工酶,CYP2C19,CYP2C9 和 CYP3A4 代谢。

伏立康唑的药代动力学个体间差异很大。

体内研究表明 CYP2C19 在本品的代谢中有重要作用,这种酶具有基因多态性,例如:15~20%的亚洲人属于弱代谢者,而白人和黑人中的弱代谢者仅占 3~5%。在健康白人和健康日本人中的研究表明:弱代谢者的药物暴露量(AUCτ)平均比纯合子强代谢者的暴露量高 4 倍,杂合子强代谢者的药物暴露量比纯合子强代谢者高 2 倍。

伏立康唑的主要代谢产物为 N-氧化物,在血浆中约占 72%。该代谢产物抗菌活性微弱,对伏立康唑的药理作用无显著影响。

清除

伏立康唑主要通过肝脏代谢,仅有少于 2%的药物以原形经尿排出。

给予用放射性同位素标记过的伏立康唑后,多次静脉滴注给药者和多剂量口服给药者中分别约有 80%和 83%的放射活性在尿中回收。绝大多数的放射活性(>94%)在给药(静脉滴注或口服)后 96 小时内经尿排出。

伏立康唑的终末半衰期与剂量有关。口服 200mg 后终末半衰期约为 6 小时。由于其非线性药代动力学特点,终末半衰期值不能用于预测伏立康唑的蓄积或清除。

2、药代动力学—药效动力学的关系

在 10 项治疗研究中,受试者的平均血浆浓度和最大血浆浓度的中位数分别为 2425ng/ml (四分位区间 1193-4380ng/ml)和3742ng/ml(四分位区间 2027-6302ng/ml)。在研究中未发现平均、最大和最低血药浓度与治疗结果有关。

对临床研究资料中药代动力学—药效动力学的分析发现,伏立康唑的血药浓度与肝功能试验异常和视觉障碍有关。未在预防研究中探讨剂量调整。

3、特殊人群中的药代动力学

性别: 一项多剂量口服给药的研究中,健康年轻女性的 Cmax和 AUCτ较健康年轻男性(18~45 岁)分别高 83%和 113%。在同一研究中,健康老年女性的 Cmax和 AUCτ 与健康老年男性(≥65 岁)无显著差异。

临床应用中,不同性别的患者无需调整剂量。伏立康唑在男性和女性患者中的安全性和血药浓度相仿,因此,无需按照性别调整剂量。

老年人:

一项多剂量口服给药的研究中,健康老年男性(≥65 岁)的 Cmax和 AUCτ较健康年轻男性(18~45 岁)分别高 61%和 85%。但健康老年女性(≥65 岁)的 Cmax和 AUCτ 与健康年轻女性(18~45 岁)无显著差异。

治疗研究中未按照年龄调整用药剂量。研究中观察了血药浓度与年龄之间的关系。伏立康唑在年轻患者和老年患者中的安全性相仿,因此老年患者应用本品无需调整剂量。

儿童:

儿童和青少年患者中的推荐剂量是根据 112 例 2~<12 岁免疫缺陷儿童患者和 26 例 12~<17 岁免疫缺陷青少年患者的群体药代动力学分析结果提出的。在 3 项儿童药代动力学研究中,对 3、4、6、7、8 mg/kg 每日 2 次的多剂量静脉滴注,以及 4 mg/kg,6 mg/kg 和 200 mg 每日 2 次的多剂量口服用药(使用口服干混悬剂)进行了评价。在一项青少年药代 动力学研究中,对第 1 天负荷剂量静脉给药 6 mg/kg,每日 2 次,随后维持剂量静脉给药 4 mg/kg,每日 2 次,和维持剂量口服 300 mg 片剂,每日两次进行了评价。与成年人相比,儿童患者中观察到的受试者间变异率较大。

儿童和成年人的群体药代动力学数据对比结果表明,儿童静脉滴注 9mg/kg 负荷剂量后总暴露量(AUCτ)预计与成年人静脉滴注 6mg/kg 负荷剂量后的总暴露量相当。儿童静脉滴注 4 mg/kg 和 8mg/kg 维持剂量,每日两次后的预计总暴露量分别和成年人静脉滴注 3 mg/kg 和 4mg/kg,每日 2 次给药后的总暴露量相当。儿童口服 9mg/kg 维持剂量每日 2 次后 (最大剂量为350mg)的预计总暴露量与成年人口服 200 mg 每日 2 次后的总暴露量相当。静脉滴注 8mg/kg 提供的伏立康唑药物暴露量比口服 9mg/kg 提供的伏立康唑药物暴露量高约 2 倍。

相对于成年人,儿童患者因肝脏与体重比例较大,静脉滴注较高维持剂量,消除能力也较高,但儿童患者的口服生物利用度可能因吸收不良和年龄小体重轻受到限制。在这种情况下,推荐静脉滴注伏立康唑。

大多数青少年患者使用伏立康唑药物暴露量与接受相同给药方案的成年人相当。在某些低体重的青少年中,观察到伏立康唑药物暴露量较低,很可能这些受试者使用伏立康唑的代 谢情况与儿童类似。基于群体药代动力学分析结果,建议体重不足 50 kg的 12 ~ 14 岁青少年接受儿童剂量(见【用法用量】)。

肾功能障碍者:

肾功能正常、以及轻度(肌酐清除率为 41~60ml/min)至重度(肌酐清除率为<20ml/min)肾功能障碍者分别口服本品单剂200mg,伏立康唑药代动力学参数均未发生显著改变。不同程度肾功能损害者的血浆蛋白结合率相仿。参见【用法用量】和【注意事项】中的剂量和肾功能监测建议。

肝功能障碍者:

单剂口服伏立康唑 200mg 后,轻度到中度肝硬化患者(Child-pugh A 和 B)的 AUCτ 较肝功能正常者高 233%。蛋白结合率不受肝功能损害影响。

一项多剂量口服给药的研究中,中度肝硬化患者(Child-pugh B)的维持剂量为每日 2 次,每次 100mg;肝功能正常者每日 2次,每次 200mg, 结果两者 AUCτ相仿。尚无严重肝硬化患者(Child-pugh C)的药代动力学资料。肝功能损害时的推荐剂量和监测参见【用法用量】和【注意事项】。

【贮藏】 干混悬剂:制成混悬液前 2℃~8℃保存(放在冰箱内)。制成的混悬液:低于 30℃保存,不要冷藏或冷冻。 用后盖紧瓶盖。制成的混悬液超过 14 天就应丢弃。

 

分子式:C16H14F3N5O

分子量:349.31

本品所含辅料为:蔗糖,胶态二氧化硅,二氧化钛,黄原胶,枸橼酸钠、无水枸橼酸、苯甲酸钠、天然橘子香精。

【性状】 本品为白色或类白色粉末。

【适应症】

本品为广谱的三唑类抗真菌药,适用于治疗成人和 2 岁及 2 岁以上儿童患者的下列真菌感染:

1、侵袭性曲霉病。

2、非中性粒细胞减少患者的念珠菌血症。

3、对氟康唑耐药的念珠菌引起的严重侵袭性感染(包括克柔念珠菌)。

4、由足放线病菌属和镰刀菌属引起的严重感染。

本品主要用于进展性的、可能威胁生命的真菌感染性患者的治疗。

预防接受异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)的高危患者的侵袭性真菌感染。

【规格】 暂无权限

【用法用量】

1、干混悬剂的配制及储存和使用说明

伏立康唑干混悬剂的包装:一个体积为 100ml 的高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)瓶(带有一个聚丙烯的儿童安全盖),内含 45g 干混悬剂。还包括一个量杯(最大刻度为23ml)、5ml 规格口服给药注射器和按下式瓶子转接器(PIBA)。

配制步骤:

1) 轻敲瓶体,松解药物粉末。

2) 用量杯每次量取 23ml 水加入瓶中,共两次。

3) 盖紧瓶盖,用力振摇 1 分钟。

4)打开儿童安全盖,将瓶口转接塞压入瓶口。

5)盖紧瓶盖。

6)在配制好的混悬液的瓶子标签上注明失效日期(配制好的混悬液保存期为 14 天)。

制成的混悬液体积为 75 ml,其中可用体积为 70 ml。

配伍禁忌

除配制步骤中提及可以使用的物质外,伏立康唑口服干混悬剂不能与其他药物混合。不可将配制好的混悬液再次用水或其他溶剂稀释。

储存:

伏立康唑干混悬剂在冰箱内(2 ~8℃ )保存。

制成的伏立康唑混悬液,低于 30 保存,不要冷藏或冷冻。

制成的伏立康唑混悬液储存期为 14 天。

使用说明:

每次服药前先振摇 10 秒钟。

服用配制后伏立康唑混悬液时应使用口服给药注射器。

任何未使用完的产品或废弃物应按照要求弃去。

2、剂量的一般考虑

配制后的伏立康唑混悬液应该至少在饭前 1 小时或饭后 2 小时后服用。

在使用伏立康唑治疗前或治疗期间应监测血电解质,如存在低钾血症、低镁血症和低钙血症等电解质紊乱应予以纠正。

成人及青少年用药(12~14 岁且体重≥50kg 者;15~17 岁者)则无需考虑体重。

无论静脉滴注还是口服给药,第一天均应给予首次负荷剂量,使其血药浓度接近于稳态浓度。由于口服剂型的生物利用度很高(96%),在有临床指征时口服和静脉滴注两种给药方法可以互换。

3、推荐剂量及其调整和治疗持续时间

成人

成人及青少年(12~14 岁且体重≥50kg 者;15~17 岁者)的推荐剂量:

 

静脉滴注

口服

患者体重≥40kg

患者体重<40kg*

负荷剂量

(适用于第1个24小时)

每12小时给药1

次,每次6 mg/kg

每12小时给药1次,每次400 mg(10ml)

每12小时给药1次,每次200 mg(5 ml)

维持剂量(开始用药24

小时以后)

每日给药2次,每

次4 mg/kg

每日给药2次,每次

200 mg(5 ml)

每日给药2次,每次

100 mg(2.5 ml)

*适用于15岁或以上的患者

治疗持续时间

治疗持续时间视患者用药后的临床疗效及微生物学检测结果而定,谨慎选择合理治疗时间。

静脉用药的疗程不宜超过 6 个月。对于 6 个月以上的长期治疗,应仔细权衡获益与风险。

剂量调整(成人)

如果患者治疗反应欠佳,口服给药的维持剂量可以增加到每日 2 次,每次 300 mg;体重<40kg 的患者,剂量调整为每日 2 次,每次 150 mg。

如果患者不能耐受上述较高的剂量,口服给药的维持剂量可以每次减 50 mg,逐渐减到每日 2 次,每次 200 mg(体重<40kg 的患者,减到每天 2 次,每次 100 mg)。 如果用于预防,请参见下文。

2 ~<12 岁的儿童和轻体重青少年(12 ~14 岁且体重 <50 kg 者)

伏立康唑应按儿童剂量给药,因为与成人相比,这些青少年的伏立康唑代谢方式与儿童更相似。

推荐的用药方案如下:

 

静脉

口服

负荷剂量

(适用于第1个24小时)

每12小时给药1次,每次9 mg/kg

未建议

维持治疗

(开始用药24小时以后

每日给药2次,每次8 mg/kg

每日给药2 次,每次9 mg/kg(最

大单次剂量350 mg,每日2 次)

备注:基于 112 例 2~<12 岁免疫缺陷儿童患者和 26 例 12~ <17 岁免疫缺陷青少年患者的群体药代动力学分析结果。

建议通过静脉滴注疗法开始治疗,并且只在取得明显临床改善时才考虑口服疗法。请注意,8 mg/kg 静脉滴注时伏立康唑暴露量大约是 9 mg/kg 口服时伏立康唑暴露量的两倍。

儿童的推荐剂量是基于干混悬剂的研究。尚未在儿童中进行口服混悬剂和片剂的生物等效性研究。考虑到儿童患者的胃肠通过时间可能较短,片剂在儿童的吸收可能与成人患者不同。因此建议 2~<12 岁的儿童患者采用口服干混悬剂配方。

对于所有其他青少年(12 至 14 岁且体重≥50 kg;15 至 17 岁任何体重),伏立康唑应按成人剂量给药。

剂量调整(儿童[2 至<12 岁]和轻体重青少年[12 至 14 岁且<50kg])

尚未对肝功能或肾功能不全的 2~<12 岁的儿童患者应用本品进行研究。

如果患者对治疗的反应欠佳,可按照 1mg/kg 增加剂量(如果最初使用的最大口服剂量为 350 mg 时增幅为 50 mg )。如果患者无法耐受治疗,则按照 1 mg/kg 降低剂量(如果最初使用的最大口服剂量为 350 mg 时降幅为 50 mg)。

成人及儿童中的预防

预防应当从移植当天开始且预防用药天数最长可为 100 天。应根据侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的发生风险尽可能缩短预防用药天数(根据中性粒细胞减少或免疫抑制确定)。只有当免疫抑制或移植物抗宿主病(GvHD)持续时,移植后的最长预防用药天数才可持续至 180 天。

剂量

在各年龄组中推荐的预防给药方案与治疗给药方案相同。请参见上面的治疗给药方案表格。

预防持续时间

尚未在临床试验中对伏立康唑使用时间超过 180 天的安全性和疗效进行充分的研究。对于 180 天(6 个月)以上的伏立康唑预防使用,需仔细评估效益与风险平衡。

以下内容同时适用于治疗和预防

剂量调整

对于预防使用,当缺乏疗效或发生治疗相关不良事件时,不建议调整剂量。如果发生治疗相关不良事件,则必须考虑停用伏立康唑以及使用替代抗真菌药物。

合并用药时的剂量调整

与苯妥英合用时,建议伏立康唑的口服维持剂量从每日 2 次,每次 200 mg 增加到每日2 次,每次 400 mg(体重<40kg 的患者,剂量从每日 2 次,每次 100 mg 增加到每日 2 次,每次 200 mg)。

伏立康唑应避免与利福布汀合用。如果必须联合使用时,建议伏立康唑的口服维持剂量从每天 2 次,每次 200 mg 增加到每天2 次,每次 350 mg(体重<40 kg 的患者,剂量从每日2 次,每次 100 mg 增加到每日 2 次,每次 200 mg)。

与依非韦伦合用:如伏立康唑的维持剂量增加至每 12 小时 400 mg 而依非韦伦的剂量减少 50 %,即减少到 300 mg 每日 1 次时,伏立康唑可与依非韦伦联合使用。停用伏立康唑治疗的时候,依非韦伦应当恢复到最初的剂量。

4、老年人

老年人应用本品时无需调整剂量。

5、肾功能损害

肾功能损害对本品口服给药的药代动力学没有影响。因此,轻度至重度肾功能损害者应用本品均无需调整剂量。

伏立康唑可经血液透析清除,清除率为 121ml/min。4 小时的血液透析仅能清除少许药物,无需调整剂量。

6、肝功能损害

轻度至中度肝硬化患者(Child-Pugh A 和 B)伏立康唑的负荷剂量不变,但维持剂量减半。

目前尚无伏立康唑应用于重度肝硬化患者(Child-Pugh C)的研究。

本品治疗肝功检查异常患者(天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶[AST]、谷氨酸氨基转氨酶[ALT]、碱性磷酸酶[ALP]或总胆红素高于正常上限 5 倍以上)的安全性数据非常有限。

有报道伏立康唑与肝功能检查异常增高和肝损伤临床体征有关,如黄疸,因此严重肝功能损害者应用本品时必须权衡利弊。

肝功能损害者应用本品时必须密切监测药物的毒性反应。

7、儿童用药

尚未在 2 岁以下儿童患者中评估本品的有效性和安全性。

【不良反应】

1、 安全性概要

成人中伏立康唑的安全性数据来自一个包括 2000 多例受试者(包括接受治疗成人患者1603 例和额外的预防性研究成人患者270 例)的安全性数据库。它代表了不同的人群,包括血液系统恶性肿瘤患者,患食道念珠菌病和难治性真菌感染的 HIV 感染患者,患念珠菌血症和曲霉病的非粒细胞减少患者以及健康志愿者。 最常见报告的不良反应是视觉损害、发热、皮疹、呕吐、恶心、腹泻、头痛、外周水肿、肝功能检查异常、呼吸窘迫和腹痛。 不良反应的严重程度一般为轻到中度。按年龄、种族和性别对安全性数据进行分析,未见显著的临床差异。

2、不良反应列表

下表中,因为大多数研究是开放性的,因此按系统器官分类列出了合并治疗(1603 例)和预防(270 例)研究中的 1873 例成人中出现的所有有因果关系的不良反应及其频率类别。

发生频率: 很常见(≥1/10);常见(≥1/100 但<1/10);少见(≥1/1000 但<1/100);罕见(≥1/10000 但<1/1000);非常罕见(<1/10000);未知(无法从已知数据推断)。

在各发生频率组,不良反应类型按其性质严重度降序排列。

表 应用伏立康唑的患者中报告的不良反应

系统器官分类

很常见≥1/10

常见≥1/100至<1/10

少见≥1/1000至<1/100

罕见≥1/10000至<1/1000

频率未知(无法从已知数据推断)

感染和侵染

 

鼻窦炎

伪膜性结肠炎

 

 

良性、恶性和

 

 

 

 

鳞状细胞

癌*

 


 

血液和淋巴

 

粒细胞缺乏症1、

骨髓衰竭、淋巴结

弥散性血管内

 

系统异常

全血细胞减少、血

病、嗜酸性粒细胞

凝血

 

小板减少2、白细

增多症

 

 

胞减少症、贫血

 

 

免疫系统异常

 

 

超敏

过敏样反应

 

内分泌异常

 

 

肾上腺功能不全、甲状腺功能减退 症

甲状腺功能亢进症

 

代谢和营养异常

外周水肿

低血糖、低钾血症、低钠血症

 

 

 

精神异常

 

抑郁、幻觉、焦虑、失眠、激越、意识

模糊状态

 

 

 

神经系统异

头痛

惊厥、晕厥、震颤、

脑水肿、脑病4、

肝性脑病、格林

 

常

 

肌张力增加3、感

锥体外系疾病5、

-巴利综合征、

 

 

觉异常、嗜睡、头

周围神经病变、共

眼球震颤

 

 

晕

济失调、感觉减

 

 

 

 

退、味觉障碍

 

眼部异常

视觉损害6

视网膜出血

视神经异常7、视神经乳头水肿8、动眼神经危象、复

视、巩膜炎、睑炎

视神经萎缩、角膜浑浊

 

耳和迷路异常

 

 

听觉减退、眩晕、耳鸣

 

 

心脏异常

 

室上性心律失常、

室颤、室性期外收

尖端扭转型室

 

 

心动过速、心动过

缩、室性心动过

性心动过速、完

 

缓

速、心电图 QT 延

全性房室传导

 

 

长、室上性心动过

阻滞、束支传导

 

 

速

阻滞、结性心律

血管异常

 

低血压、静脉炎

血栓性静脉炎、淋巴管炎

 

 


系统器官分

很常见

常见

少见

罕见

频率未知

类

≥1/10

≥1/100至<1/10

≥1/1000至<1/100

≥1/10000至<

(无法从

 

 

 

 

1/1000

已知数据

 

 

 

 

 

推断)

呼吸、胸廓和纵隔异常

呼吸窘迫9

急性呼吸窘迫综合征、肺水肿

 

 

 

胃肠道异常

腹泻、呕吐、腹痛、恶心

唇炎、消化不良、便秘、牙龈炎

腹膜炎、胰腺炎、舌肿大、十二指肠炎、肠胃炎、舌炎

 

 

肝胆异常

肝功能检查异常

黄疸、胆汁淤积性黄疸、肝炎10

肝衰竭、肝肿大、胆囊炎、胆石症

 

 

皮肤和皮下组织异常

皮疹

剥脱性皮炎、脱发、斑丘疹、瘙痒、红斑

史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征

(Stevens-Johnson

8

syndrome [SJS])

、光毒性、紫癜

、荨麻疹、过敏性皮炎、丘疹样皮疹、斑状皮疹

、湿疹

中毒性表皮坏

死松解症8 、药

物反应伴噬酸性粒细胞增多和全身性症状

(DRESS)8、血管性水肿、光化性角化病*、假性卟啉症、多形红斑、银屑

病、药疹

皮肤型红斑狼疮*、雀斑*、雀斑样痣*

肌肉骨骼和结缔组织异常

 

背痛

关节炎

 

骨膜炎*

肾脏和泌尿系统异常

 

急性肾衰竭、血尿

肾小管坏死、蛋白尿、肾炎

 

 

全身异常及给药部位状况

发热

胸痛、面部水肿11、乏力、寒战

注射部位反应、流感样疾病

 

 

检查

 

血肌酐升高

血尿素升高、血胆固醇升高

 

 

*上市后发现的不良反应

1 包括伴有或不伴有发热的中性粒细胞减少症。

2 包括免疫性血小板减少性紫癜。

3 包括颈部僵硬和手足抽搐。

4 包括缺氧缺血性脑病和代谢性脑病。

5 包括静坐不能和帕金森病。

6 参见【不良反应】的“视觉损害”。

7 上市后报告了持久性视神经炎。参见【注意事项】。

8 参见【注意事项】。

9 包括呼吸困难和劳力性呼吸困难。

10 包括药物性肝损伤、中毒性肝炎、肝细胞损伤和肝脏毒性。

11 包括眶周水肿、唇水肿和口水肿。

对所选不良反应的描述

味觉改变

在 3 项关于干混悬剂的生物等效性研究中,与药物有关的味觉改变总发生率为 14%(12例)。

视觉损害

和伏立康唑有关的视觉损害(包括视力模糊、畏光、绿视症、色视症、色盲、蓝视症、眼部疾病、目晕、夜盲、振动幻觉、闪光幻觉、闪光暗点、视力下降、视觉亮度、视野缺损、玻璃体漂浮物和黄视症)很常见。视觉损害呈一过性,可以完全恢复。大多数在 60 分钟内自行缓解,未见有临床意义的长期视觉反应。有证据表明伏立康唑重复给药后这种情况减轻。视觉损害一般为轻度,导致停药的情况罕见,没有长期后遗症。视觉损害可能与较高的血药浓度和/或剂量有关。

虽然伏立康唑的作用部位似乎主要局限于视网膜,但其作用机制仍不清楚。一项研究中,以健康志愿者为对象研究了伏立康唑对视网膜功能的影响,发现本品可减小视网膜电波波形的振幅,停药后则恢复正常。视网膜电图通常用于检测视网膜中的电流情况。ERG 的变化在 29 天的治疗期内没有进展,停用伏立康唑后完全恢复。

上市后曾有长期视觉不良事件报告。

皮肤反应

临床试验中,伏立康唑治疗的患者皮肤反应很常见。但这些患者患有严重的基础疾病, 合并使用了多种伴随药物产品。大多数皮疹为轻到中度。伏立康唑治疗期间患者出现严重皮肤不良反应(SCARs),这些严重反应包括史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征(SJS,少见),中毒性表皮坏死松解症(TEN,罕见),药物反应伴噬酸性粒细胞增多和全身性症状(DRESS,罕见)和多形性红斑(罕见)(参见【注意事项】)。

如果患者出现皮疹,应当密切观察,如果病损进展,则要停用伏立康唑。已有光敏反应(例如雀斑、雀斑样痣和光化性角化病)的报告,特别是在长期治疗期间。

在长期使用伏立康唑治疗的患者中有皮肤鳞状细胞癌的报道。其形成机制仍不清楚。

肝功能检查:

在伏立康唑临床研究项目中,接受伏立康唑用于合并治疗和预防的成人和儿童受试者中转氨酶升高>3 x ULN(不一定构成不良事件)的总发生率分别为 18.0%(319/1768)和 25.8%(73/283)。肝功能检查异常可能与血药浓度较高和/或剂量较高有关。

大多数肝功能异常治疗中不需调整剂量即可恢复,或者在调整剂量后恢复,有的停药后恢复。

在有其他严重基础疾病的患者中,使用伏立康唑后有严重肝毒性反应,包括黄疸、肝炎和导致死亡的肝衰竭。

预防

一项针对接受异基因 HSCT 且先前未发生确诊或临床诊断 IFI 的成人和青少年患者所进行的开放性、对照、多中心研究对使用伏立康唑与伊曲康唑进行初级预防进行了比较,据报告,伏立康唑组中有 39.3%的受试者因不良事件而永久停药,而伊曲康唑组中有 39.6%的受试者因不良事件而永久停药。伏立康唑组有 50 例(21.4%)受试者因治疗中出现的肝脏不良事件而永久停用研究药物,而伊曲康唑组有 18 例(7.1%)。

儿童患者

在 288 例 2 岁到<12 岁(169 例)和 12 岁到<18 岁(119 例)的儿童患者中研究了伏立 康唑的安全性,这些患者在临床试验中接受了伏立康唑用于预防(183 例)和治疗(105 例)。 此外还在同情用药项目中的额外 158 例 2 岁到<12 岁的儿童患者中研究了伏立康唑的安全 性。总体而言,儿童人群中的伏立康唑安全性与成年人中的情况相似。然而,在儿童患者中 观察到肝酶升高(在临床试验中被报告为不良事件)频率有比成人更高的趋势(儿童中有 14.2%的转氨酶升高,而成人中为 5.3%)。上市后数据显示,对比成年人,儿童患者中皮肤 反应的发生率可能会较高(尤其是红斑)。22 例年龄不足 2 岁的患者在同情性使用项目中接 受了伏立康唑治疗,报告了下列不良反应(不能排除与伏立康唑有关):光敏反应(1 例)、 心律失常(1例)、胰腺炎(1 例)、血胆红素升高(1 例)、肝酶升高(1 例)、皮疹(1 例) 和视神经乳头水肿(1 例)。上市后报道中已有儿童患者胰腺炎的报道。

3、在中国成年人中进行的临床研究

在一项开放的、前瞻性、无对照、多中心研究中,评价了确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者应用伏立康唑治疗的安全性。共77例确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者入选,并接受伏立康唑治疗。共有62例受试者(80.5%)报告了182例治疗中出现的全因不良事件,其中90例被认为与治疗相关。治疗中出现的全因不良事件中最常见的为低钾血症(13.0%;5.2%与治疗相关)和视觉障碍(13.0%;所有均与治疗相关)。大部分不良事件属轻度或中度。18例受试者(23.4%)报告的不良事件属重度。14例受试者(18.2%)在研究期间发生了1个或多个严重不良事件,但均与治疗无关。另外5例受试者(6.5%)在治疗结束后发生了1个或多个严重不良事件;其中仅有1个被认为与治疗相关。 7例受试者(9.1%)在研究期间死亡,另有7例受试者(9.1%)在永久中止治疗或研究结束后(但在报告期内)死亡。实验室检查异常和生命体征改变总体并不显著。

报告疑似不良反应

在药品获得上市许可后,报告疑似不良反应非常重要,以便持续监测药品效益与风险之间的平衡。

【禁忌】

1、本品禁用于对其活性成份或其赋型剂过敏者。

2、本品禁止与 CYP3A4 底物联合使用,包括特非那汀、阿司咪唑、西沙必利、匹莫齐特和奎尼丁等。因为本品可使上述药物的血药浓度增高,导致 QT 间期延长,并且偶见尖端扭转性室性心动过速。

3、本品禁止与西罗莫司联合使用。伏立康唑可显著增加西罗莫司的血药浓度,因此,禁止这两种药物合用。

4、本品禁止与利福平、卡马西平和苯巴比妥联合使用。这些药物可能会显著降低本品的血药浓度,因此,本品禁止与这些药物合用。

5、本品禁止以标准剂量与每次400 mg(每日一次)及更高剂量的依非韦伦合用。健康受试者同时应用此剂量的依非韦伦与伏立康唑,伏立康唑的血药浓度显著降低。伏立康唑也能显著降低依非韦伦的血药浓度。

6、本品禁止与高剂量的利托那韦(每次 400mg 及以上,每日 2 次)联合使用。健康受试者同时应用此剂量的利托那韦与伏立康唑,伏立康唑的血药浓度显著降低。

7、本品禁止与麦角生物碱类药物联合使用,包括麦角胺、二氢麦角胺等。麦角生物碱类药物为 CYP3A4 的底物,二者合用后麦角类药物的血药浓度可能会增高而导致麦角中毒。

8、本品禁止与圣约翰草联合使用。

【注意事项】

1、过敏反应:

已知对其他唑类药物过敏者慎用本品。

2、心血管系统:

伏立康唑与QTc 间期延长有关。已有报道极少数使用本品的患者发生了尖端扭转型室性心动过速。这些患者通常伴有一些危险因素,例如曾经接受过具有心脏毒性的化疗药物、心肌病、低钾血症或同时使用其他可能会诱发尖端扭转型室性心动过速的药物。因此在伴有心律失常危险因素的患者中需慎用伏立康唑,例如:

•先天性或获得性QTc 间期延长

•心肌病,特别是目前存在心力衰竭者

•窦性心动过缓

•有症状的心律失常

•同时使用已知能延长QTc 间期的药物

在使用伏立康唑治疗前或治疗期间应当监测血电解质,如存在低钾血症、低镁血症和低 钙血症等电解质紊乱则应纠正。

一项研究表明:单次给予健康志愿者相当于4 倍常规剂量的伏立康唑,未发现有受试者QTc 间期超过 500 毫秒(注:可能因此发生临床不良事件(如心律失常)的阈值)。 3、肝毒性:

在临床研究中,伏立康唑治疗组中有严重的肝脏反应(包括肝炎、胆汁瘀积和致死性的暴发性肝衰竭)。肝脏反应的病例主要发生在伴有严重基础疾病(主要为恶性血液病)的患者中。一过性肝脏反应,包括肝炎和黄疸,可以发生在无其他确定危险因素的患者中。通常停药后肝功能异常即能好转。

4、监测肝功能:

患者接受伏立康唑治疗时必须仔细监测肝毒性。临床监测应包括在开始伏立康唑治疗时进行肝功能实验室检查(特别是天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT))并且第一个月内至少每周检查一次。治疗时间应该越短越好,但在根据效益-风险评估后治疗继续的情况下,如果肝功检查未见改变,检查频率可以降为每月一次。患者在治疗初以及在治疗中发生肝功能异常时均必须常规监测肝功能,以防发生更严重的肝脏损害。监测应包括肝功能的实验室检查(特别是肝功能检查和胆红素)。如果肝功检查发现指标显著升高,除非医生评估患者的效益-风险后认为应该继续用药,否则均应该停用伏立康唑。

在儿童和成年人中均需进行肝功能监测。

5、视觉不良反应:

疗程超过 28 天时伏立康唑对视觉功能的影响尚不清楚。有报道应用本品时发生视觉不良反应,包括视物模糊、视神经炎和视神经乳头水肿。如果连续治疗超过28 天,需监测视觉功能,包括视敏度、视野以及色觉。

6、肾脏不良反应:

有报道重症患者应用本品时可能发生急性肾衰竭。接受伏立康唑治疗的患者有可能也同 时合用具有肾毒性的药物或合并造成肾功能减退的其它疾病。

7、监测肾功能:

使用本品时需要监测肾功能,其中包括实验室检查,特别是血肌酐值。

8、监测胰腺功能:

具有急性胰腺炎高危因素(如最近接受过化疗、造血干细胞移植)的患者,尤其是儿童,在接受伏立康唑治疗期间应密切监测胰腺功能。在这种临床情况下可以考虑监测血清淀粉酶或脂肪酶。

9、剥脱性皮肤反应:

在治疗中有可能发生危及生命的严重皮肤不良反应(SCARs),如史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征(SJS), 中毒性表皮坏死松解症(TEN),药物反应伴噬酸性粒细胞增多和全身性症状(DRESS)。如果患者出现皮疹,则需严密观察。若皮损加重,则必须停药。

此外,伏立康唑与光毒性有关,包括雀斑、雀斑样痣、光化性角化病和假性卟啉症等反应。建议所有患者(包括儿童)在伏立康唑治疗期间避免日光直射,并且适当使用防护服和有高防晒因子(SPF)的防晒霜等措施。

10、长期治疗:

对于180 天(6 个月)以上的长期暴露(治疗或预防),需仔细评估效益与风险平衡,因此,医生应该考虑是否有必要限制伏立康唑的暴露量。已有长期使用伏立康唑发生以下严重不良事件的报道:

在一些有光毒性反应的患者中,已有伏立康唑长期治疗患者发生皮肤鳞状细胞癌(SCC)的报道。如果患者发生光毒性反应,咨询多科室意见后应该考虑停用伏立康唑和使用替代抗真菌药物,并将患者转诊至皮肤科。为了对癌前病变进行早期诊断和管理,有光毒性相关病变发生却继续使用伏立康唑的情况下,需系统性和定期进行皮肤病变评估。如果确诊癌前病变或者皮肤鳞状细胞癌,应停用伏立康唑。

在移植病人中,已有非感染性骨膜炎合并氟化物和碱性磷酸酶升高的报道。如果患者出现与骨膜炎表现一致的骨骼疼痛和影像学表现,应停用伏立康唑。

11、儿童用药:

本品在 2 岁以下儿童中的安全性和有效性尚未建立(参见【不良反应】和【药代动力学】)。伏立康唑适用于年龄≥2 岁的儿童患者。观察到儿童人群中的肝酶升高频率更高(见【不良反应】)。儿童和成年人均需监测肝功能。吸收不良和体重特别低的2 岁到<12 岁儿童患者中,口服生物利用度有限。这种情况下,建议静脉应用伏立康唑。

儿童人群中的光毒性反应频率更高。由于已有其会向 SCC 发展的报告,因此必须对该患者人群采取严格的光保护措施。对于出现光老化损伤(例如雀斑样痣或雀斑)的儿童,建议避免阳光照射并进行皮肤病学随访(即使在停止治疗后)。

12、预防:

如果发生治疗相关不良事件(肝脏毒性、光毒性及 SCC 等严重皮肤反应、严重或长期视觉障碍和骨膜炎),则必须考虑停用伏立康唑并使用替代抗真菌药物。

13、苯妥英(CYP2C9 底物和强 CYP450 诱导剂):

本品应尽量避免与苯妥英合用,权衡利弊后必须同时应用时,建议密切监测苯妥英的浓度。

14、依非韦仑(CYP450 诱导剂;CYP3A4 抑制剂和底物):

伏立康唑和依非韦伦合用时,伏立康唑的剂量应该每 12 小时增加 400 mg,而依非韦伦的剂量应该每 24 小时减少 300 mg。

15、利福布汀(强 CYP450 诱导剂):

两者合用时需密切监测全血细胞计数以及利福布汀的不良反应。除非利大于弊,否则应避免同时应用这两种药物。

16、利托那韦(强 CYP450 诱导剂;CYP3A4 抑制剂和底物):

伏立康唑应当避免与低剂量利托那韦(100mg,每日 2 次)合用,除非利益/风险评估证明应该使用伏立康唑。

17、依维莫司(CYP3A4 底物,P-gp 底物):

不推荐伏立康唑和依维莫司联合使用,因为伏立康唑预期会显著增加依维莫司的药物浓度。目前由于数据不足,尚无针对联合使用情况下的剂量推荐。

18、美沙酮(CYP3A4 底物):

当与伏立康唑合用时,需要密切监测美沙酮的不良反应和毒性,包括 QTc 间期延长,因为与伏立康唑合用时,美沙酮的血药浓度会升高。可能需要降低美沙酮剂量。

19、短效阿片类药物(CYP3A4 的底物):

与伏立康唑合用时,应考虑减少阿芬太尼、芬太尼和其它与阿芬太尼结构类似并且通过 CYP3A4 代谢的短效阿片类药物(如舒芬太尼)的剂量。当阿芬太尼与伏立康唑合用时,其半衰期延长 4 倍,一项独立研究显示,与伏立康唑合用可使芬太尼的平均AUC 0-∞升高,因此有必要密切监测阿片类药物相关的不良反应(包括延长其呼吸监护期)。

20、长效阿片类药物(CYP3A4 底物):

与伏立康唑合用时,应考虑降低羟考酮和其他通过 CYP3A4 代谢的长效阿片类药物(如氢可酮)的剂量,并密切监测阿片类药物相关的不良事件。

21、氟康唑(CYP2C9、CYP2C19 和 CYP3A4 抑制剂):

健康人群口服伏立康唑与口服氟康唑合用时,伏立康唑的 Cmax 和 AUCτ 显著增加。尚未确定降低伏立康唑和氟康唑剂量或给药频率以消除该影响的方法。在使用氟康唑后接着使用伏立康唑时,建议监测伏立康唑相关的不良反应。

22、伏立康唑干混悬剂含有蔗糖,因此,先天性果糖不能耐受者,蔗糖酶-异麦芽糖酶缺乏或葡萄糖-半乳糖吸收障碍者不宜使用本品。

23、对驾驶和操作机器能力的影响:

伏立康唑对驾驶和使用机器的能力可能有一定影响。本品可能会引起一过性的、可逆性的视觉改变,包括视物模糊、视觉改变、视觉增强和/或畏光。患者出现上述症状时必须避免从事有危险的工作,例如驾驶或操作机器。

24、胚胎-胎儿毒性:

伏立康唑应用于孕妇时可导致胎儿损害。

动物试验中,使用伏立康唑和致畸形,胚胎毒性,妊娠期延长,难产和胚胎死亡有关系。如在孕期使用伏立康唑,或在用药期间怀孕,应告知患者本品对胎儿的潜在危险。

25、实验室检查:

使用伏立康唑前应纠正电解质紊乱,包括低钾血症、低镁血症和低钙血症。

患者处理应当包括实验室评价肾功能(尤其是血清肌酐)和肝功能(尤其是肝功能检查和胆红素)。

26、药物相互作用:

见【药物相互作用】。

【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】

孕妇

目前尚无足够资料来评价伏立康唑在孕妇中使用的安全性。

动物实验显示本品有生殖毒性,但对人体的潜在危险性尚未确定。

伏立康唑不宜用于孕妇,除非对母亲的益处显著大于对胎儿的潜在毒性。

育龄期妇女

育龄期妇女应用伏立康唑期间需采取有效的避孕措施。

哺乳期妇女

尚无伏立康唑在乳汁中分泌的资料。当开始使用伏立康唑时必须停止哺乳。

生育能力

在动物研究中,雄鼠和雌鼠未显示生殖能力受损。

【儿童用药】

2~<12 岁的儿童和轻体重青少年(12~14 岁且体重<50 kg)以及青少年(12~14 岁且体重≥50 kg;15~17 岁者)的安全有效性已经建立,应严格遵照所推荐的剂量应用,详见【用法用量】项下内容。

本品在2 岁以下儿童中的安全性和有效性尚未建立。

【老年用药】

一项多剂量口服给药的研究中,健康老年男性(≥65 岁)的 Cmax和 AUCτ较健康年轻男性(18~45 岁)分别高 61%和 86%。但健康老年女性(≥65 岁)的 Cmax和 AUCτ 与健康年轻女性(18~45 岁)无显著差异。

治疗研究中未按照年龄调整用药剂量。研究中观察了血药浓度与年龄之间的关系。伏立康唑在年轻患者和老年患者中的安全性相仿,因此老年患者应用本品无需调整剂量。

【药物相互作用】

伏立康唑通过细胞色素 P450 同工酶代谢,并抑制细胞色素 P450 同工酶的活性,包括 CYP2C19,CYP2C9 和 CYP3A4。这些同工酶的抑制剂或诱导剂可能分别增高或降低伏立康唑的血药浓度,因此本品可能会增高通过 CYP450 同工酶代谢的物质的血药浓度。

除非特别注明,药物相互作用的研究在健康成年男性志愿者中进行。采用多剂量的给药方法,每次口服 200mg,每日 2 次,直到达到稳态浓度。这些研究结果对于其他人群和其他给药途径亦有参考意义。

正在使用能使 QTc 间期延长的其他药物者需慎用伏立康唑。与伏立康唑合用时,通过 CYP3A4 同功酶代谢的药物(如部分抗组胺药、奎尼丁、西沙比利、哌迷清)血药浓度可能会增高,因此,禁止这两种药物合用。

药物相互作用表

伏立康唑与其它药物之间的相互作用详见下表(每日 1 次用“QD”表示,每日 2 次用“BID”表示,每日 3 次用“TID”表示,未确定用“ND”表示)。每个药代动力学参数的箭头方向是基于各参数几何平均值比值的90%置信区间而确定,位于 80-125%范围之内(↔)、之下(↓)或之上(↑)。星号(*) 表示二者之间有相互作用。AUCτ, AUCt 和 AUC0-∞分别表示给药间隔、从零到血液中可检测到药物的时间以及从零到无穷的药时曲线下面积。

该表格中的相互作用按下列顺序阐述:禁止合用;合用时需要调整剂量并进行密切的临床和/或生物学监测;最后是无明显药代动力学相互作用,但可能在临床治疗中受到关注。

药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

阿司咪唑,西沙必利,匹莫齐特, 奎尼丁和特非那定

[CYP3A4底物]

尽管未经研究,这些药物的血药浓度增高,会导致Q-T间期延长,并且偶可导致尖端扭转型室性心动过速。

 

禁止合用

卡马西平和长效巴比妥类药物(如:苯巴比妥,甲苯比妥)

[强效CYP450诱导剂]

尽管未经研究,卡马西平及长效巴比妥类药物可能会显著降低伏立康唑的血药浓度。

 

 

禁止合用


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

依非韦伦(一种非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂)[CYP450诱导剂;CYP3A4抑制剂和底物]

依非韦伦400 mg每日1次与伏立康唑200 mg每日2次合用*

 

 

 

 

 

依非韦伦300 mg每日1次与伏立康唑400 mg每日2次合用*

 

 

 

依非韦伦Cmax↑38%依非韦伦AUCt  44%伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 61%伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 77%

 

与单用依非韦伦相比(600mg,每日1

次),

依非韦伦Cmax ↔

依非韦伦AUCt↑17%

 

与单用伏立康唑相比(每次200 mg, 每日2次),

伏立康唑Cmax ↑23%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 7%

 

 

禁止本品在标准剂量下与标准剂量(400 mg,每日1次或以上) 的依非韦伦同时应用。

 

符合以下条件时伏立康唑可与依非韦伦合用:伏立康唑的维持剂量增加到400 mg每日2次,而依非韦伦的剂量减少到每次300 mg每日1次。停用伏立康唑治疗的时候,依非韦伦应恢复到其初始剂量。

麦角生物碱(例如麦角胺和二氢麦角胺)

[CYP3A4底物]

虽然未经研究,但伏立康唑可能使麦角生物碱的血药浓度增高,从而导致麦角中毒。

 

禁止合用

利福布汀

[强效CYP450诱导剂]

每次300 mg,每日1次。

 

 

每次300 mg,每日1次。

(与伏立康唑合用,伏立康唑的用量为每次350mg,每日2次)*

 

 

 

每次300 mg,每日1次。

(与伏立康唑合用,伏立康唑的用量为每次400mg,每日2次)*

 

 

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 69%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 78%

 

与单用伏立康唑相比(每次200 mg, 每日2次),

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 4%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 32%

 

利福布汀Cmax ↑195%

利福布汀AUCt ↑331%

与单用伏立康唑相比(每次200 mg, 每日2次),

伏立康唑Cmax ↑104%

伏立康唑AUCt↑87%

应尽量避免同时使用伏立康唑与利福布汀 ,除非经权衡后利大于弊。

 

伏立康唑的维持剂量可增加到5 mg/kg(静脉滴注给药,每日2次),或从每次口服200mg,每日2次增加到每次口服350 mg, 每日2次(体重<40 kg的患者则从每次口服100mg,每日2次增加到每次口服200mg,每日2次)。当利福布汀与伏立康唑联用时, 建议密切监测患者的全血计数 和与利福布汀有关的不良反应

(如葡萄膜炎)。

利福平(每次600 mg,每日1次)

[强效CYP450诱导剂]

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 93%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 96%

禁止合用

利托那韦(蛋白酶抑制剂)

[强效CYP450诱导剂;CYP3A4抑制剂和底物]

 

高剂量(每次400 mg ,每日2次)

 

 

 

低剂量(每次100 mg ,每日2次)

*

 

 

利托那韦Cmax 和AUCt ↔

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 66%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 82%

 

利托那韦Cmax ¯ 25%利托那韦AUCt ¯13%伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 24%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 39%

 

禁止伏立康唑与高剂量利托那韦(每次400 mg或更高剂量 , 每日2次)同时使用。

 

应避免伏立康唑与低剂量利托那韦(100 mg ,每日2次)合用, 除非对患者的获益/风险评估支持使用伏立康唑。

圣约翰草

[CYP450诱导剂;P-gp诱导剂]

每次300 mg,每日3次。

(与单剂伏立康唑400mg合用)

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

 

伏立康唑AUC0-¥ ¯ 59%

 

 

禁止合用


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

依维莫司

[CYP3A4底物,P-gP底物]

尽管未经研究,但伏立康唑可能会显著增加依维莫司的血药浓度。

不推荐伏立康唑与依维莫司合用,因为伏立康唑可能会显著增加依维莫司的血药浓度。

氟康唑(200 mg,每日1次)

[CYP2C9,CYP2C19和CYP3A4抑制

剂]

伏立康唑Cmax↑57%伏立康唑AUCt↑79%氟康唑Cmax ND

氟康唑AUCt ND

尚未确定降低伏立康唑和氟康唑剂量或给药频率以消除该影响的方法。在使用氟康唑后接着使用伏立康唑,建议监测伏立康唑相关的不良反应。

苯妥英[CYP2C9底物和强效CYP450诱导剂]

每次300 mg,每日1次。

 

 

 

每次300 mg,每日1次。

(与伏立康唑合用,伏立康唑的用量为每次400mg,每日2次)*

 

 

伏立康唑Cmax ¯ 49%

伏立康唑AUCt ¯ 69%

 

 

 

苯妥英Cmax↑67%

苯妥英AUCt↑81%

 

与伏立康唑相比(每次200mg,每日2

次),

伏立康唑Cmax↑34%

伏立康唑AUCt ↑39%

应尽量避免伏立康唑与苯妥英同时合用,除非经权衡后利大于弊。建议严密监测苯妥英的血药浓度。

 

下列情况下苯妥英可与伏立康  唑合用:伏立康唑的维持剂量增加到5 mg/kg (静脉滴注,每日2次),或从每次口服200 mg,每日2次增加到每次口服400 mg,每日2次(体重<40 kg的患者则从每次口服100 mg,每日2次增加到每次口服200 mg,每日2次)。

抗凝血药

 

华法林 (单剂30 mg,与伏立康唑合用,伏立康唑的用量为每次300 mg,每日2次)

[CYP2C9底物]

 

其它口服香豆素类药物

(例如苯丙羟基香豆素,醋硝香豆素)

[CYP2C9和CYP3A4底物]

 

 

两者合用后,凝血酶原时间最多约延长到了正常时间的2倍。

 

尽管未经研究,伏立康唑可能会增加香豆素类药物的血药浓度,进而可能导致凝血酶原时间延长。

当抗凝血药与伏立康唑联用时,建议密切监测患者的凝血酶原时间或其它合适的抗凝试验,并据此调整抗凝剂的剂量。

苯二氮卓类药物(例如咪达唑仑,三唑仑,阿普唑仑)

[CYP3A4底物]

尽管未经临床研究,但伏立康唑可能会使经CYP3A4代谢的苯二氮卓类药物血药浓度增高,进而导致该类药物镇静作用时间延长。

两者联用时,应考虑减少苯二氮卓类药物的剂量。


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

免疫抑制剂

[CYP3A4底物]

 

西罗莫司(单剂2mg)

 

 

 

 

 

环孢素(对病情稳定的肾移植患者进行长期环孢素治疗)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

他克莫司(每次0.1mg/kg,每日1次)

 

 

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

西罗莫司Cmax ↑6.6倍西罗莫司AUC0-¥↑11倍

 

 

环孢素Cmax ↑13%

环孢素AUCt ↑70%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

他克莫司Cmax ↑117%

他克莫司AUCt ↑221%

禁止伏立康唑与西罗莫司合用。

 

 

 

当已经接受环孢素治疗的患者开始应用伏立康唑时,建议将环孢素的剂量减半,并严密监测环孢素的血药浓度。环孢素血药浓度的增高可引起肾毒性。停用本品后仍需严密监测环孢素的血药浓度,如有需要可增大环孢素的剂量。

 

 

 

当已经接受他克莫司治疗的患者开始应用伏立康唑时,建议将他克莫司的剂量减至原先剂量的1/3,并严密监测他克莫司的血药浓度。他克莫司血药浓度的增高可引起肾毒性。停用本品后仍需严密监测他克莫司的血药浓度,如有需要可增大他克莫司的剂量。

长效阿片类药物

[CYP3A4底物]

 

羟考酮(单剂10mg)

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

 

羟 考 酮Cmax↑1.7倍 羟考酮AUC0-¥↑3.6倍

与伏立康唑合用时,应考虑降低羟考酮和其他通过CYP3A4代谢的长效阿片类药物(如氢可酮) 的剂量,必要时应频繁地监测与阿片类药物相关的一些不良反

应。

美沙酮(每次32-100mg,每日1次)

[CYP3A4底物]

R-美沙酮(活性构型) Cmax↑ 31% R-美沙酮(活性构型) AUCt↑ 47% S-美沙酮Cmax↑ 65%

S-美沙酮AUCt↑ 103%

当与伏立康唑合用时,建议密切频繁地监测与美沙酮相关的不良反应和毒性,包括QT间期延长。必要时,降低美沙酮的剂量。

非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs)

[CYP2C9底物]

 

布洛芬(单剂400mg)

 

 

双氯芬酸(单剂50mg)

 

 

S-布洛芬Cmax↑ 20%

S-布洛芬AUC0-¥↑100%

双氯芬酸Cmax↑ 114%

双氯芬酸AUC0-¥↑78%

 

 

当与伏立康唑合用时,建议密切监测与非甾体类抗炎药相关的不良反应和毒性。必要时可能需要降低非甾体类抗炎药的剂量。

奥美拉唑(每次40mg,每日1次)* [CYP2C19抑制剂;CYP2C19和CYP3A4底物]

奥美拉唑 Cmax↑ 116%奥美拉唑AUCt↑280%

伏立康唑 Cmax ↑15%伏立康唑AUCt↑ 41%

 

伏立康唑也可能抑制其它CYP2C19底物的质子泵抑制剂,从而导致这些药物的血药浓度增高。

无需调整伏立康唑的剂量。

 

当对每日正在服用40mg或以上剂量奥美拉唑的患者开始同时使用伏立康唑时,建议将奥美拉唑的剂量减半。


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

口服避孕药*

[CYP3A4底物;CYP2C19抑制剂]

炔诺酮/炔雌醇(每次

1 mg/0.035 mg,每日1次)

炔 雌 醇Cmax↑36%炔 雌 醇AUCt↑  61%炔 诺 酮Cmax↑15%炔诺酮AUCt ↑53%伏立康唑Cmax ↑14%伏立康唑AUCt ↑46%

建议除了监测那些伏立康唑有关的不良反应外,同时监测与口服避孕药有关的不良反应。

短效阿片类药物

[CYP3A4底物]

 

阿芬太尼(每次20mg/kg,每日1

次,同时使用纳洛酮)

 

芬太尼(每次5 mg/kg,每日1次)

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

阿芬太尼AUC0-¥↑ 6倍

 

 

一项已发表的独立研究结果表明,两者合用后:

芬太尼AUC0-¥ ↑ 1.34倍

与伏立康唑合用时,应考虑减少阿芬太尼,芬太尼和其它与其结构类似并经CYP3A4代谢的短效阿片类药物(如舒芬太尼)的剂量。建议密切频繁地监测呼吸抑制及其它与阿片类药物相关的不良反应,并适当延长监测期。

他汀类药物(如洛伐他汀)

[CYP3A4底物]

虽然未经临床研究,伏立康唑与他汀类药物合用可能会使通过CYP3A4代谢的他汀类药物的血药浓度增高,从而可能导致横纹肌溶解。

两者合用时应考虑减少他汀类药物的剂量。

磺脲类药物(如甲苯磺丁脲,格列吡嗪,格列本脲)

[CYP2C9底物]

尽管未进行研究,伏立康唑可能增高磺脲类药物的血药浓度,从而引起低血糖症。

建议密切监测患者的血糖情况。应考虑减少磺脲类药物的剂量。

长春花生物碱类(如长春新碱和长春碱)

[CYP3A4底物]

尽管未经研究,伏立康唑可能增高长春花生物碱类药物的血药浓度,从而

产生神经毒性。

应考虑减少长春花生物碱类药物的剂量。

其他HIV蛋白酶抑制剂(如沙奎那韦,氨普那韦和奈芬纳韦)* [CYP3A4底物和抑制剂]

未进行过相关的临床研究。体外研究显示伏立康唑可能对HIV蛋白酶抑制剂的代谢有抑制作用,同时HIV蛋白酶抑制剂也可能抑制伏立康唑的代谢。

应密切监测任何可能发生的药物毒性/或药物失效的情况,同时也可能需要对两者的剂量进行调整。

其他非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂

(NNRTIs)(如地拉韦定,奈韦拉平)*

[CYP3A4底物,抑制剂或CYP450诱导剂]

未进行过相关的临床研究。体外研究显示NNRTIs  可抑制伏立康唑的代谢,同时伏立康唑也可能抑制NNRTIs的代谢。

依非韦伦对伏立康唑在体内代谢情况的影响提示非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂有可能诱导伏立康唑代谢。

应密切监测任何可能发生的药物毒性/或药物失效的情况,同时也可能需要对两者的剂量进行调整。

西米替丁(每次400 mg,每日2次)

[非特异性CYP450抑制剂及增高胃酸pH值]

伏立康唑Cmax ↑ 18%

伏立康唑AUCt ↑ 23%

无需进行剂量调整

地高辛(每次0.25 mg,每日1次)

[P-gp底物]

地高辛Cmax ↔

地高辛AUCt ↔

无需进行剂量调整

茚地那韦(每次800 mg,每日3次)

[CYP3A4抑制剂和底物]

茚地那韦Cmax ↔茚地那韦AUCt ↔伏立康唑Cmax ↔伏立康唑AUCt ↔

无需进行剂量调整


药物名称

[相互作用机制]

相互作用

几何平均数变化(%)

关于联合用药的建议

大环内酯类抗生素

 

红霉素(每次1 g,每日2次)

[CYP3A4抑制剂]

 

阿奇霉素(每次500 mg,每日1

次)

 

伏立康唑Cmax 和AUCt ↔

 

伏立康唑Cmax 和AUCt ↔

伏立康唑对红霉素或阿奇霉素有何影响目前尚不知晓。

 

无需进行剂量调整

麦考酚酸(单剂1 g)

[尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶底物]

麦考酚酸Cmax ↔

麦考酚酸AUCt ↔

无需进行剂量调整

强的松(单剂60 mg)

[CYP3A4底物]

强的松Cmax ↑ 11%

强的松AUC0-¥ ↑ 34%

无需进行剂量调整

雷尼替丁(每次150mg,每日2次)

[增高胃酸pH值]

伏立康唑Cmax 和AUCt ↔

无需进行剂量调整

 

【药物过量】

在临床研究中有 3 例儿童患者意外发生药物过量。这些患者接受了 5 倍于静脉推荐剂量的伏立康唑,其中出现 1 例持续 10 分钟的畏光不良反应。

目前尚无已知的伏立康唑的解毒剂。

伏立康唑已知的血液透析的清除率为 121ml/min,所以当药物过量时血液透析有助于将伏立康唑从体内清除。

【临床试验】

在本节中,临床疗效评定为治愈和好转者均统计为有效。

1、曲霉菌感染——伏立康唑在预后差的曲霉菌病患者中的疗效

体外伏立康唑对曲霉菌属具有杀菌作用。在一项开放、随机、多中心的研究中,比较了伏立康唑和两性霉素 B 在 277 例免疫功能减退的急性侵袭性曲霉病患者中的疗效和生存受益,疗程为 12 周。在第一个 24 小时内,每 12 个小时静脉滴注 6 mg/kg 负荷剂量的伏立康唑。之后,每 12 个小时使用 4 mg/kg 的维持剂量,持续至少 7 天。然后,转为口服剂型治疗,每 12 小时服用200 mg。静脉滴注伏立康唑的治疗时间中位数为 10 天(范围 2-85 天)。在静脉滴注伏立康唑治疗后,口服伏立康唑治疗时间的中位数是 76 天(范围 2-232 天)。

治疗组和对照组的总有效率分别为 53%和 31%(基线时异常的症状体征以及影像学/支气管镜检查完全或部分恢复正常)。治疗组第 84 天生存率显著高于对照组。此外,伏立康唑在死亡时间和因毒性停药的时间方面均有显著优势,并具有显著的临床意义和统计学意义。

这项研究证实了早期一项前瞻性研究的结果。后者的研究对象为伴有预后不良危险因素的患者,包括移植物抗宿主病,特别是颅内感染(通常死亡率为 100%)患者,经本品治疗后获得了良好效果。

本项研究包括了伴有骨髓移植、实体器官移植、血液系统恶性肿瘤、癌症或者艾滋病等基础疾病患者的脑部、窦、肺部曲霉病和播散性曲霉病。

2、非中性粒细胞减少患者的念珠菌血症

一项以两性霉素 B 继予氟康唑的序贯疗法为对照的开放、对照研究证实了伏立康唑作为念珠菌血症初始治疗的有效性。该研究纳入 370 例证实为念珠菌血症的非中性粒细胞减少患者(12 岁以上),其中 248 例接受伏立康唑治疗。9 例伏立康唑组和 5 例两性霉素 B 继予氟康唑序贯组的患者,同时还存在经真菌学证实的深部组织感染。该研究排除了肾功能衰竭的患者。两组中位治疗时间均为 15 天。主要分析中,“治疗有效”由对给药方案处于盲态的数据审核委员会(DRC)进行评价,“治疗有效”定义为:治疗结束后(EOT)12 周时,所有感染症状和体征缓解/改善,同时念珠菌从血液里和感染的深部组织清除。EOT 后 12 周没有接受评价的患者视为治疗失败。该分析表明两治疗组均有 41%的患者治疗有效。

次要分析采用最近一个可评价时间点(即:EOT, 或 EOT 后 2、6 或 12 周)的 DRC 评价结果,伏立康唑与两性霉素 B 继予氟康唑序贯治疗的成功率分别为 65%和 71%。对于不同时间点的研究者评价的结果列于下表:

评价时间点

伏立康唑

(N=248)

两性霉素B序贯氟康唑

(N=122)

 

EOT(治疗结束)

178 (72%)

88 (72%)

EOT后2周

125 (50%)

62 (51%)

EOT后6周

104 (42%)

55 (45%)

EOT后12周

104 (42%)

51 (42%)

3、严重的难治性念珠菌感染

本项研究包括有 55 例严重的难治性念珠菌感染患者(包括念珠菌血症、播散性和其它侵袭性念珠菌病),这些患者已接受过抗真菌治疗,特别是氟康唑,但均无效。经伏立康唑治疗后有效者 24 例(15 例治愈,9 例好转)。对氟康唑耐药的非白念珠菌菌株感染者中,3/3 的克柔念珠菌(治愈)和 6/8 的光滑念珠菌(5 例治愈和 1 例好转)感染治疗有效。有限的药敏资料也支持了临床疗效。

4、足放线病菌属和镰刀菌属感染

伏立康唑对以下罕见的真菌感染有效:

足放线病菌属:伏立康唑治疗组中,28 例尖端赛多孢感染患者中治疗有效者 16 例(6 例治愈,10 例好转);7 例多育赛多孢感染患者中 2 例治疗有效(均为好转)。此外,3 例混合(1 种以上病原菌,其中包括足放线病菌属)感染者中 1 例治疗有效。

镰刀菌属:伏立康唑治疗组 17 例患者,7 例有效(3 例治愈,4 例好转)。这 7 例患者中,3 例为眼感染,1 例为窦感染,3 例为播散性感染。另有 4 例镰刀菌病患者存在混合感染,其中 2 例治疗有效。

上述罕见病原菌感染中,大多数患者对原有的抗真菌治疗无效或不能耐受。

5、侵袭性真菌感染的初级预防-在接受 HSCT 且先前未发生确诊或临床诊断 IFI 的患者中的疗效

一项针对接受异基因HSCT且先前未发生确诊或临床诊断IFI的成人或青少年患者所进行的开放性、对照、多中心研究比较了使用伏立康唑与伊曲康唑进行初级预防的疗效。“治疗有效”定义为:接受HSCT后能够持续使用研究药物预防达100天(中断治疗不大于14天),以及接受HSCT后存活180天且未发生确诊或临床诊断的IFI。修正的意向性治疗(MITT)研究组包括465例接受异体HSCT的患者,其中45%的患者患有AML。所有患者中有58%采用清髓性预处理方案。患者在接受HSCT后立即开始使用研究药物进行预防:224例接受伏立康唑,241例接受伊曲康唑。在MITT研究组中,使用研究药物进行预防的中位持续时间分别为伏立康唑组96天,伊曲康唑组68天。

下表列出了治疗有效率和其他次要终点:

研究终点

伏立康唑

N=224

伊曲康唑

N=241

比例差和95%置信区间(CI)

P值

第180天时治疗有效*

109 (48.7%)

80 (33.2%)

16.4% (7.7%, 25.1%)**

0.0002**

第100天时治疗有效

121 (54.0%)

96 (39.8%)

15.4% (6.6%, 24.2%)**

0.0006**

至少完成100天研究药物预防

120 (53.6%)

94 (39.0%)

14.6% (5.6%, 23.5%)

0.0015

存活到第180天

184 (82.1%)

197 (81.7%)

0.4% (-6.6%, 7.4%)

0.9107

到第180天时发生了确定或临床诊断

IFI

3 (1.3%)

5 (2.1%)

-0.7% (-3.1%, 1.6%)

0.5390

到第100天时发生了确定或临床诊断

IFI

2 (0.9%)

4 (1.7%)

-0.8% (-2.8%, 1.3%)

0.4589

使用研究药物时发生了确定或临床诊断IFI

0

3 (1.2%)

-1.2% (-2.6%, 0.2%)

0.0813

* 主要研究终点

** 调整随机分组后得到的比例差、95% CI和p值

下表分别列出患有AML和采用清髓性预处理方案的患者到第180天时的突破性IFI发生率和主要研究终点(第180天时治疗有效):

AML

研究终点

伏立康唑

(N=98)

伊曲康唑

(N=109)

比例差和95%置信区间(CI)

突破性IFI-第180天

1 (1.0%)

2 (1.8%)

-0.8% (-4.0%, 2.4%)**

第180天时治疗有效*

55 (56.1%)

45 (41.3%)

14.7% (1.7%, 27.7%)***

* 主要研究终点

** 采用5%的边际误差,非劣效性得到证实

*** 调整随机分组后得到的比例差和95% CI

清髓性预处理方案

研究终点

伏立康唑

(N=125)

伊曲康唑

(N=143)

比例差和95%置信区间(CI)

突破性IFI-第180天

2 (1.6%)

3 (2.1%)

-0.5% (-3.7%, 2.7%)**

第180天时治疗有效*

70 (56.0%)

53 (37.1%)

20.1% (8.5%, 31.7%)***

* 主要研究终点

** 采用5%的边际误差,非劣效性得到证实

*** 调整随机分组后得到的比例差和95% CI

IFI的次级预防-在接受HSCT且先前发生确诊或临床诊断IFI的患者中的疗效

一项针对接受异基因HSCT且先前发生确诊或临床诊断IFI的成人患者所进行的开放性、非对照、多中心研究评估了使用伏立康唑进行次级预防的疗效。主要终点为接受HSCT后第一年期间确诊或临床诊断IFI的发生率。MITT研究组包括40例先前发生IFI的患者,其中31 例为曲霉病,5例为念珠菌病,4例为其他IFI。在MITT研究组中,使用研究药物进行预防的中位持续时间为95.5天。

在接受 HSCT 后的第一年期间,有 7.5%(3/40)的患者发生确诊或临床诊断的 IFI,包括一例念珠菌血症病例、一例赛多孢子菌病病例(两例皆为先前 IFI 的复发)、以及一例接合菌病病例。第 180 天时的生存率为 80.0%(32/40),而 1 年时的生存率为70.0%(28/40)。

6、疗程

临床研究中,705 例患者伏立康唑的疗程超过 12 周,164 例超过 6 个月。

7、儿童用药经验

在两项前瞻性、开放性、非对照、多中心临床试验中,53 例 2 岁到<18 岁的儿童患者接受了伏立康唑治疗。一项研究入组了 31例确诊、临床诊断、或拟诊患有侵袭性曲霉病(IA)的患者,其中 14 例为确诊或临床诊断患有 IA 的患者,被纳入到 MITT疗效分析中。第二项研究入组了 22 例需要进行初始或挽救治疗的侵袭性念珠菌病(包括念珠菌血症[ICC]和食道念珠菌病[EC])患者,其中 17 例被纳入到 MITT 疗效分析中。对于 IA 患者,第 6 周时的整体总有效率为 64.3% (9/14),2 岁到<12岁和 12 岁到<18 岁的患者的总有效率分别为 40% (2/5)和 77.8% (7/9)。对于ICC 患者,EOT 时的总有效率为 85.7% (6/7),对于 EC 患者,EOT 时的总有效率为 70% (7/10)。2 岁到<12 岁和 12 岁到<18 岁的患者的整体有效率(ICC 和 EC 合并)分别为88.9% (8/9)和 62.5% (5/8)。

8、对于 QTc 间期的临床研究

一项单剂随机、对照、交叉研究评价了伏立康唑和酮康唑对 QTc 间期的影响。健康受试者分别口服伏立康唑800mg、1200mg、1600mg 和酮康唑 800mg,安慰剂校正后的平均最大 QTc 间期延长时间分别为 5.1 毫秒、4.8 毫秒、8.2 毫秒和 7.0 毫秒。任何一组受试者 QTc 间期的延长时间与基线相比均不超过 60 毫秒。未发现有受试者 QTc 间期超过 500 毫秒这一潜在临床相关阈值。

9、确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者的疗效

在一项开放的、前瞻性、非对照、多中心的研究中,证实了伏立康唑在确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者中的疗效。共计77名确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者入选研究,并接受伏立康唑治疗。主要终点为,第6周总体疗效评价时改良的意向治疗人群(MITT)的治疗成功率(定义为“痊愈”或“改善”的受试者比例),其结果高达 74.3%(95% CI: 62.4%, 84.0%),且与在符合方案人群(PP)中的结果相当,具体见下表。本研究的次要疗效终点包括:第6周时的临床改善率77.1% (95% CI: 65.6%, 86.3%)、内镜检查/ 影像学改善率52.9% (95% CI: 40.6%, 64.9%)、真菌学清除率(定义为“清除”或“假定清除”)58.6% (95% CI: 46.2%, 70.2%),以及第6周时改良的意向治疗人群的再次感染率1.4% (95% CI: 0.0%, 7.7%)。

确诊或临床诊断严重侵袭性真菌感染的中国患者的疗效第6周时的总体疗效评价 (MITT和PP人群)

 

伏立康唑

 

改良的意向治疗人群

N=70

符合方案人群

N=49

 

n(%)

95% CI

n(%)

95% CI

IV治疗结束a

53

 

37

 

痊愈

5(9.4)

 

2(5.4)

 

改善

42(79.2)

 

31(83.8)

 

稳定

5(9.4)

 

3(8.1)

 

复发

0(0.0)

 

0(0.0)

 

无效

0(0.0)

 

0(0.0)

 

未评价

1(1.9)

 

1(2.7)

 

成功:痊愈或改善

47(88.7)

77.0%, 95.7%

33(89.2)

74.6%, 97.0%

第6周/LOCF结束

70

 

49

 

痊愈

9(12.9)

 

6(12.2)

 

改善

43(61.4)

 

33(67.3)

 

稳定

10(14.3)

 

6(12.2)

 

复发

0(0.0)

 

0(0.0)

 

无效

4(5.7)

 

4(8.2)

 

未评价

4(5.7)

 

0(0.0)

 

成功:痊愈或改善

52(74.3)b

62.4%, 84,0%

39(79.6)

65.7%, 89.8%

随访结束c

70

 

35

 

痊愈

12(17 1)

 

8(22.9)

 

改善

40(57.1)

 

26(74.3)

 

稳定

10(14.3)

 

1(2.9)

 

复发

0(0.0)

 

0(0.0)

 

无效

4(5.7)

 

0(0.0)

 

未评价

4(5.7)

 

0(0.0)

 

成功:痊愈或改善

52(74.3)

62.4%, 84.0%

34(97.1)

85.1%, 99.9%

MITT,改良的意向治疗。PP, 符合方案。CI,可信区间(基于 Exact 法)。IV,静脉内,LOCF,末次观察值结转。

a 仅包括序贯口服剂型治疗或采用静脉剂型治疗完成研究的受试者。

b 主要终点。

c 针对改良的意向治疗分析的末次观察值结转。仅纳入符合方案分析中的完成随访的受试者。

【药理毒理】

药理作用

作用机制

伏立康唑的作用机制是抑制真菌中由细胞色素P450介导的14α-甾醇去甲基化,从而抑制麦角甾醇的生物合成。体外试验表明伏立康唑具有广谱抗真菌作用。伏立康唑对念珠菌属(包括耐氟康唑的克柔念珠菌、光滑念珠菌和白念珠菌耐药株)具有抗菌作用,对所有检测的曲霉菌属真菌有杀菌作用。此外,伏立康唑在体外对其他致病性真菌也有杀菌作用,包括对现有抗真菌药敏感性较低的菌属,例如足放线病菌属和镰刀菌属。

微生物学

临床研究表明伏立康唑对曲霉属,包括黄曲霉、烟曲霉、土曲霉、黑曲霉、构巢曲霉;念珠菌属,包括白念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌以及部分都柏林念珠菌、平常念珠菌和季也蒙念珠菌;足放线病菌属,包括尖端赛多孢和多育赛多孢和镰刀菌属有临床疗效(定义为好转或治愈)。

其他伏立康唑治疗有效(通常为治愈或好转)的真菌感染包括链格孢属、皮炎芽生菌、头状芽生裂殖菌、枝孢霉属、粗球孢子菌、冠状耳霉、新型隐球菌、喙状凸脐孢、棘状外瓶霉、裴氏着色霉、足菌肿马杜拉菌、淡紫色拟青霉;青霉菌属,包括马尔尼菲蓝状菌、烂木瓶霉、短帚霉;毛孢子菌属,包括白色毛孢子菌感染。

体外试验观察到伏立康唑对以下临床分离的真菌有抗菌作用,包括枝顶孢属、链格孢属、双极霉属、支孢瓶霉属、荚膜组织胞浆菌。伏立康唑在0.05-2μg/ml的浓度范围,可以抑制大多数的菌株。

体外试验表明伏立康唑对弯孢霉属和孢子丝菌属有抗菌作用,但其临床意义尚不清楚。

治疗前应采集标本进行真菌培养,并进行其他相关的实验室检查(血清学检查和组织病理学检查),以便分离和鉴定病原菌。在获得培养结果和其他实验室检查结果以前必须先进行抗感染治疗,但是一旦获得结果,应据此调整用药方案。

药敏试验方法

曲霉菌属和其他丝状真菌

曲霉菌属和其他丝状真菌的折点标准尚未建立。

念珠菌属

伏立康唑对念珠菌属的折点标准仅适用于美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)M27 微量肉汤稀释法的 24 小时 MIC 读数结果,或 M44 纸片扩散法 24 小时抑菌圈直径读数结果。

稀释法技术:该法用于定量测定抗真菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),通过 MIC 可估计念珠菌属对抗真菌药物的敏感性。MIC 应采用标准化测定方法在第 24 小时测定(肉汤稀释法),MIC 值应按照下表中的折点标准进行解读。

扩散法技术:该定性方法需测量抑菌圈直径,能够可重复地评估念珠菌属对抗真菌药物的敏感性。该标准化方法需要使用标准化接种物浓度,使用经 1 微克伏立康唑浸透的纸片在第 24 小时来检测酵母菌对伏立康唑的敏感性。下表提供了纸片扩散法的折点标准。

伏立康唑敏感性标准

 

微量肉汤稀释法24小时

(MIC,单位mg/ml)

纸片扩散法24小时

(抑菌圈直径,单位mm)

敏感(S)

中介(I)

耐药(R)

敏感(S)

中介(I)

耐药(R)

白念珠菌

£0.12

0.25-0.5

³1.0

³17

15-16

£14

克柔念珠菌

≤0.5

1

≥2

³15

13-14

£12

近平滑念珠菌

≤0.12

0.25-0.5

≥1

³17

15-16

£14

热带念珠菌

≤0.12

0.25-0.5

≥1

³17

15-16

£14

注:目前的数据不足以证明光滑念珠菌和伏立康唑的体外药敏试验和临床结果之间的相关性。

报告结果为敏感(S)时表示,抗菌药物在感染部位达到通常可达到的浓度时很可能能够抑制微生物生长。报告为中介 (I) 则表示结果可疑,如果微生物对替代药物、临床可得药物不够敏感,应该重复检测。此分类意味着在药物生理性浓集的身体部位或高剂量使用该药物时,此类药物具有临床适用性。此分类也提供了一个缓冲区,以免因细小的未能控制的技术因素导致判读时出现大的偏差。报告结果为耐药(R)时表示,抗菌药物即使在感染部位达到通常可达到的浓度,也可能无法抑制病原体生长;应选择其他疗法。

质量控制

标准化药敏试验方法需要使用实验室控制来监控和确保试验用品和试剂、试验操作人员技术的准确性和精确性。下表中注明的范围数值是用标准的伏立康唑粉末来测定的。对于使用 1 μg 纸片的稀释技术需要符合下表的标准。

注:质控微生物是具有与耐药机制相关的生物学特性及真菌遗传学表达特性的特定微生物菌株,无临床意义。

伏立康唑经药敏试验结果验证可接受的质控范围

质控菌株

微量肉汤稀释法24小时

(MIC,单位mg/ml)

纸片扩散法24小时

(抑菌圈直径,单位mm)

近平滑念珠菌

ATCC 22019

0.016-0.12

28-37

克柔念珠菌

ATCC 6258

0.06-0.5

16-25

白念珠菌

ATCC 90028

*

31-42

* 由于在最初的质控研究中存在广泛的实验室间变异,尚未确定该菌株/抗真菌药组合的质控范围。

ATCC 是美国标准生物品收藏中心的注册商标。

在动物模型中活性

伏立康唑在免疫功能正常和/或免疫抑制的豚鼠中,对烟曲霉(包括一株对伊曲康唑敏感性降低的菌株)或念珠菌属 [白念珠菌(包括一株对氟康唑敏感性降低的菌株)、克柔念珠菌和光滑念珠菌]所致的全身性和/或肺部感染有效,该研究的终点是:感染动物的生存期延长和/或靶器官的真菌负荷减轻。在一项试验中,伏立康唑在免疫功能正常的豚鼠中对尖端赛多孢感染有效。

耐药性

现已知有伏立康唑耐药性发展的可能。耐药机制可能包括 ERG11 基因突变(该基因负责编码目标酶,羊毛甾醇 14α-去甲基化酶)、ATP 结合盒外排转运蛋白(即念珠菌耐药性CDR 泵)基因表达的上调以及降低药物靶向结合能力,或者这些机制的混合。目前尚未获知伏立康唑抗菌谱中的各类真菌耐药性发展的情况。

对氟康唑和伊曲康唑敏感性降低的真菌对伏立康唑的敏感性亦有可能降低,提示在这些唑类药物中可能存在着交叉耐药。交叉耐药与临床疗效之间的关系尚未完全确立。如果临床病例的分离菌呈现交叉耐药,则可能需要更换其他抗真菌药物治疗。

毒理研究

遗传毒性

在体外人淋巴细胞培养过程中加入伏立康唑,可观察到伏立康唑的致畸变作用(主要为染色体断裂)。在 Ames 试验、CHO 试验,小鼠微核试验或 DNA 修复试验(程序外 DNA 合成试验)中均未发现伏立康唑有基因毒性。

生殖毒性

在类似于人类治疗剂量的暴露量下,伏立康唑对雄性和雌性大鼠的生殖能力均未见损害。伏立康唑的全身暴露量相当于人用治疗剂量所达到的暴露量时,对大鼠具有致畸作用,对家兔具有胚胎毒性。在围产期研究中,大鼠给予低于人用治疗剂量所达到的暴露量后,妊娠时间延长、分娩时间延长、引起难产导致母鼠死亡、围产期幼鼠存活率降低。与其他唑类抗真菌药相仿,伏立康唑影响分娩的机制很可能有种属特异性,包括降低雌二醇的水平。

致癌性

在大鼠和小鼠中进行了为期 2 年的伏立康唑致癌性研究。大鼠分别经口给予伏立康唑 6、18 或 50mg/kg(按 mg/m2 计算,分别为常用维持剂量的 0.2、0.6 或 1.6 倍)。在给予50mg/kg 伏立康唑的雌鼠中检测到肝细胞腺瘤,在给予 6mg/kg 和 50mg/kg剂量的雄鼠中检测到肝细胞癌。小鼠分别经口给予 10、30 或 100mg/kg 伏立康唑(按 mg/m2 计算,分别为常用维持剂量的0.1,0.4 或 1.4 倍),在两种性别的小鼠中均检测到肝细胞腺瘤,在给予 1.4 倍常用维持量伏立康唑的雄小鼠中还检测到了肝细胞癌。

其他

重复给药的毒性研究提示伏立康唑的靶器官为肝脏。与其他抗真菌药相似,实验动物发生肝毒性时的血浆暴露量相当于人用治疗剂量所达到的暴露量。大鼠、小鼠和犬的实验发现伏立康唑也可诱导肾上腺发生微小病变。

【药代动力学】

1、一般药代动力学特点

分别在健康受试者、特殊人群和患者中进行了伏立康唑的药代动力学研究。对伴有曲霉病危险因素(主要为淋巴系统或造血组织的恶性肿瘤)的患者研究发现,每日 2 次口服伏立康唑,每次 200mg 或 300mg,共 14 天,其药代动力学特点(包括吸收快,吸收稳定,体内蓄积和非线性药代动力学)与健康受试者一致。

由于伏立康唑的代谢具有饱和性,所以其药代动力学呈非线性,暴露药量增加的比例远大于剂量增加的比例。因此如果口服剂量从每日 2 次,每次 200mg 增加到每日 2 次,每次 300mg 时,估计暴露量(AUCτ)平均增加 2.5 倍。口服 200mg 的维持剂量(对于体重小于 40kg 的患者则为 100mg)能够达到近似于 3mg/kg 静脉给药的伏立康唑暴露量。而口服 300mg 的维持剂量(对于体重小于 40kg 的患者则为 150mg)则能达到近似于 4mg/kg 静脉给药的暴露量。当给予受试者推荐的负荷剂量(静脉滴注或口服)后,24 小时内其血药浓度接近于稳态浓度。如不给予负荷剂量,每日 2 次多剂量给药后大多数受试者的血药浓度约在第 6 天时达到稳态。

吸收

口服本品吸收迅速而完全,给药后 1~2 小时达血药峰浓度。口服后绝对生物利用度约为 96%。分别口服片剂 200mg 和 5ml 规格为 40mg/ml 干混悬剂,两者体内生物等效。当多剂量给药,且与高脂肪餐同时服用时,伏立康唑的血药峰浓度和给药间期的药时曲线下面积分别减少 58%和 37%。胃液 pH 值改变对本品吸收无影响。

分布

稳态浓度下伏立康唑的分布容积为 4.6 L/kg,提示本品在组织中广泛分布。血浆蛋白结合率约为 58%。一项研究中,对 8 名患者的脑脊液进行了检测,所有患者的脑脊液中均可检测到伏立康唑。

生物转化

体外试验表明伏立康唑通过肝脏细胞色素 P450 同工酶,CYP2C19,CYP2C9 和 CYP3A4 代谢。

伏立康唑的药代动力学个体间差异很大。

体内研究表明 CYP2C19 在本品的代谢中有重要作用,这种酶具有基因多态性,例如:15~20%的亚洲人属于弱代谢者,而白人和黑人中的弱代谢者仅占 3~5%。在健康白人和健康日本人中的研究表明:弱代谢者的药物暴露量(AUCτ)平均比纯合子强代谢者的暴露量高 4 倍,杂合子强代谢者的药物暴露量比纯合子强代谢者高 2 倍。

伏立康唑的主要代谢产物为 N-氧化物,在血浆中约占 72%。该代谢产物抗菌活性微弱,对伏立康唑的药理作用无显著影响。

清除

伏立康唑主要通过肝脏代谢,仅有少于 2%的药物以原形经尿排出。

给予用放射性同位素标记过的伏立康唑后,多次静脉滴注给药者和多剂量口服给药者中分别约有 80%和 83%的放射活性在尿中回收。绝大多数的放射活性(>94%)在给药(静脉滴注或口服)后 96 小时内经尿排出。

伏立康唑的终末半衰期与剂量有关。口服 200mg 后终末半衰期约为 6 小时。由于其非线性药代动力学特点,终末半衰期值不能用于预测伏立康唑的蓄积或清除。

2、药代动力学—药效动力学的关系

在 10 项治疗研究中,受试者的平均血浆浓度和最大血浆浓度的中位数分别为 2425ng/ml (四分位区间 1193-4380ng/ml)和3742ng/ml(四分位区间 2027-6302ng/ml)。在研究中未发现平均、最大和最低血药浓度与治疗结果有关。

对临床研究资料中药代动力学—药效动力学的分析发现,伏立康唑的血药浓度与肝功能试验异常和视觉障碍有关。未在预防研究中探讨剂量调整。

3、特殊人群中的药代动力学

性别: 一项多剂量口服给药的研究中,健康年轻女性的 Cmax和 AUCτ较健康年轻男性(18~45 岁)分别高 83%和 113%。在同一研究中,健康老年女性的 Cmax和 AUCτ 与健康老年男性(≥65 岁)无显著差异。

临床应用中,不同性别的患者无需调整剂量。伏立康唑在男性和女性患者中的安全性和血药浓度相仿,因此,无需按照性别调整剂量。

老年人:

一项多剂量口服给药的研究中,健康老年男性(≥65 岁)的 Cmax和 AUCτ较健康年轻男性(18~45 岁)分别高 61%和 85%。但健康老年女性(≥65 岁)的 Cmax和 AUCτ 与健康年轻女性(18~45 岁)无显著差异。

治疗研究中未按照年龄调整用药剂量。研究中观察了血药浓度与年龄之间的关系。伏立康唑在年轻患者和老年患者中的安全性相仿,因此老年患者应用本品无需调整剂量。

儿童:

儿童和青少年患者中的推荐剂量是根据 112 例 2~<12 岁免疫缺陷儿童患者和 26 例 12~<17 岁免疫缺陷青少年患者的群体药代动力学分析结果提出的。在 3 项儿童药代动力学研究中,对 3、4、6、7、8 mg/kg 每日 2 次的多剂量静脉滴注,以及 4 mg/kg,6 mg/kg 和 200 mg 每日 2 次的多剂量口服用药(使用口服干混悬剂)进行了评价。在一项青少年药代 动力学研究中,对第 1 天负荷剂量静脉给药 6 mg/kg,每日 2 次,随后维持剂量静脉给药 4 mg/kg,每日 2 次,和维持剂量口服 300 mg 片剂,每日两次进行了评价。与成年人相比,儿童患者中观察到的受试者间变异率较大。

儿童和成年人的群体药代动力学数据对比结果表明,儿童静脉滴注 9mg/kg 负荷剂量后总暴露量(AUCτ)预计与成年人静脉滴注 6mg/kg 负荷剂量后的总暴露量相当。儿童静脉滴注 4 mg/kg 和 8mg/kg 维持剂量,每日两次后的预计总暴露量分别和成年人静脉滴注 3 mg/kg 和 4mg/kg,每日 2 次给药后的总暴露量相当。儿童口服 9mg/kg 维持剂量每日 2 次后 (最大剂量为350mg)的预计总暴露量与成年人口服 200 mg 每日 2 次后的总暴露量相当。静脉滴注 8mg/kg 提供的伏立康唑药物暴露量比口服 9mg/kg 提供的伏立康唑药物暴露量高约 2 倍。

相对于成年人,儿童患者因肝脏与体重比例较大,静脉滴注较高维持剂量,消除能力也较高,但儿童患者的口服生物利用度可能因吸收不良和年龄小体重轻受到限制。在这种情况下,推荐静脉滴注伏立康唑。

大多数青少年患者使用伏立康唑药物暴露量与接受相同给药方案的成年人相当。在某些低体重的青少年中,观察到伏立康唑药物暴露量较低,很可能这些受试者使用伏立康唑的代 谢情况与儿童类似。基于群体药代动力学分析结果,建议体重不足 50 kg的 12 ~ 14 岁青少年接受儿童剂量(见【用法用量】)。

肾功能障碍者:

肾功能正常、以及轻度(肌酐清除率为 41~60ml/min)至重度(肌酐清除率为<20ml/min)肾功能障碍者分别口服本品单剂200mg,伏立康唑药代动力学参数均未发生显著改变。不同程度肾功能损害者的血浆蛋白结合率相仿。参见【用法用量】和【注意事项】中的剂量和肾功能监测建议。

肝功能障碍者:

单剂口服伏立康唑 200mg 后,轻度到中度肝硬化患者(Child-pugh A 和 B)的 AUCτ 较肝功能正常者高 233%。蛋白结合率不受肝功能损害影响。

一项多剂量口服给药的研究中,中度肝硬化患者(Child-pugh B)的维持剂量为每日 2 次,每次 100mg;肝功能正常者每日 2次,每次 200mg, 结果两者 AUCτ相仿。尚无严重肝硬化患者(Child-pugh C)的药代动力学资料。肝功能损害时的推荐剂量和监测参见【用法用量】和【注意事项】。

【贮藏】 干混悬剂:制成混悬液前 2℃~8℃保存(放在冰箱内)。制成的混悬液:低于 30℃保存,不要冷藏或冷冻。 用后盖紧瓶盖。制成的混悬液超过 14 天就应丢弃。

外文说明

(免责声明:本说明书仅供参考,不作为治疗的依据,不可取代任何医生、药剂师等专业性的指导。本站不提供治疗建议,药物是否适合您,请专业医生(或药剂师)决定。)

 

Voriconazole

Dosage Form: tablet, film coated

 

 

 

Indications and Usage for Voriconazole

Voriconazole tablets are indicated for use in patients 12 years of age and older in the treatment of the following fungal infections:

Invasive Aspergillosis

In clinical trials, the majority of isolates recovered were Aspergillus fumigatus. There was a small number of cases of culture-proven disease due to species of Aspergillus other than A. fumigatus [see Clinical Studies (14.1) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)].

Candidemia in Non-neutropenic Patients and the Following Candida Infections: Disseminated Infections in Skin and Infections in Abdomen, Kidney, Bladder Wall, and Wounds

[see Clinical Studies (14.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)]

Esophageal Candidiasis

[see Clinical Studies (14.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)]

Serious Fungal Infections Caused by Scedosporium apiospermum (Asexual Form of Pseudallescheria boydii) and Fusarium spp. Including Fusarium solani, in Patients Intolerant of, or Refractory to, Other Therapy

[see Clinical Studies (14.4) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.4)]

Specimens for fungal culture and other relevant laboratory studies (including histopathology) should be obtained prior to therapy to isolate and identify causative organism(s). Therapy may be instituted before the results of the cultures and other laboratory studies are known. However, once these results become available, antifungal therapy should be adjusted accordingly.

Voriconazole Dosage and Administration
Instructions for Use in All Patients

Voriconazole tablets should be taken at least one hour before or after a meal.

Recommended Dosing in Adults

Invasive aspergillosis and serious fungal infections due to Fusarium spp. and Scedosporium apiospermum 

See Table 1. Therapy must be initiated with the specified loading dose regimen of intravenous Voriconazole on Day 1 followed by the recommended maintenance dose (RMD) regimen. Intravenous treatment should be continued for at least 7 days. Once the patient has clinically improved and can tolerate medication given by mouth, the oral tablet form or oral suspension form of Voriconazole may be utilized. The recommended oral maintenance dose of 200 mg achieves a Voriconazole exposure similar to 3 mg/kg IV; a 300 mg oral dose achieves an exposure similar to 4 mg/kg IV. Switching between the intravenous and oral formulations is appropriate because of the high bioavailability of the oral formulation in adults [see Clinical Pharmacology (12)].

Candidemia in non-neutropenic patients and other deep tissue Candida infections

See Table 1. Patients should be treated for at least 14 days following resolution of symptoms or following last positive culture, whichever is longer.

Esophageal Candidiasis

See Table 1. Patients should be treated for a minimum of 14 days and for at least 7 days following resolution of symptoms.

Table 1:Recommended Dosing Regimen

*

Increase dose when Voriconazole is co-administered with phenytoin or efavirenz (7); Decrease dose in patients with hepatic impairment (2.7)

†

In healthy volunteer studies, the 200 mg oral q12h dose provided an exposure (AUCτ) similar to a 3 mg/kg IV q12h dose; the 300 mg oral q12h dose provided an exposure (AUCτ) similar to a 4 mg/kg IV q12h dose [see Clinical Pharmacology (12)].

‡

Adult patients who weigh less than 40 kg should receive half of the oral maintenance dose.

§

In a clinical study of invasive aspergillosis, the median duration of IV Voriconazole therapy was 10 days (range 2 to 85 days). The median duration of oral Voriconazole therapy was 76 days (range 2 to 232 days) [see Clinical Studies (14.1)].

¶

In clinical trials, patients with candidemia received 3 mg/kg IV q12h as primary therapy, while patients with other deep tissue Candida infections received 4 mg/kg q12h as salvage therapy. Appropriate dose should be based on the severity and nature of the infection.

#

Not evaluated in patients with esophageal candidiasis.

Infection

Loading dose

Maintenance Dose*,†

 

 

IV 

IV 

Oral‡ 

Invasive Aspergillosise§

6 mg/kg q12h for the first 24 hours

4 mg/kg q12h

200 mg q12h

Candidemia in nonneutropenics and other deep tissue Candida infections

6 mg/kg q12h for the first 24 hours

3 to 4 mg/kg q12h¶

200 mg q12h

Esophageal Candidiasis

#

#

200 mg q12h

Scedosporiosis and Fusariosis

6 mg/kg q12h for the first 24 hours

4 mg/kg q12h

200 mg q12h

Dosage Adjustment

If patient response is inadequate, the oral maintenance dose may be increased from 200 mg every 12 hours (similar to 3 mg/kg IV q12h) to 300 mg every 12 hours (similar to 4 mg/kg IV q12h). For adult patients weighing less than 40 kg, the oral maintenance dose may be increased from 100 mg every 12 hours to 150 mg every 12 hours. If patient is unable to tolerate 300 mg orally every 12 hours, reduce the oral maintenance dose by 50 mg steps to a minimum of 200 mg every 12 hours (or to 100 mg every 12 hours for adult patients weighing less than 40 kg).

If patient is unable to tolerate 4 mg/kg IV q12h, reduce the intravenous maintenance dose to 3 mg/kg q12h.

The maintenance dose of Voriconazole should be increased when co-administered with phenytoin or efavirenz [see Drug Interactions (7)].

The maintenance dose of Voriconazole should be reduced in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment, Child-Pugh Class A and B [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)]. There are no PK data to allow for dosage adjustment recommendations in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C).

Duration of therapy should be based on the severity of the patient's underlying disease, recovery from immunosuppression, and clinical response.

Use in Patients With Hepatic Impairment

In the clinical program, patients were included who had baseline liver function tests (ALT, AST) up to 5 times the upper limit of normal. No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with this degree of abnormal liver function, but continued monitoring of liver function tests for further elevations is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].

It is recommended that the standard loading dose regimens be used but that the maintenance dose be halved in patients with mild to moderate hepatic cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Class A and B) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Voriconazole has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Class C) or in patients with chronic hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis C disease. Voriconazole has been associated with elevations in liver function tests and clinical signs of liver damage, such as jaundice, and should only be used in patients with severe hepatic impairment if the benefit outweighs the potential risk. Patients with hepatic impairment must be carefully monitored for drug toxicity.

Use in Patients With Renal Impairment

The pharmacokinetics of orally administered Voriconazole are not significantly affected by renal impairment. Therefore, no adjustment is necessary for oral dosing in patients with mild to severe renal impairment [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

In patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <50 mL/min), accumulation of the intravenous vehicle, SBECD, occurs. Oral Voriconazole should be administered to these patients, unless an assessment of the benefit/risk to the patient justifies the use of intravenous Voriconazole. Serum creatinine levels should be closely monitored in these patients, and, if increases occur, consideration should be given to changing to oral Voriconazole therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].

Voriconazole is hemodialyzed with clearance of 121 mL/min. The intravenous vehicle, SBECD, is hemodialyzed with clearance of 55 mL/min. A 4-hour hemodialysis session does not remove a sufficient amount of Voriconazole to warrant dose adjustment.

Dosage Forms and Strengths

Voriconazole Tablets, 50 mg are white to off-white, round, biconvex, film-coated tablet debossed with "735" on one side and plain on the other side.

Voriconazole Tablets, 200 mg are white to off-white, oval, biconvex, film-coated tablet debossed with "736" on one side and plain on the other side.

Contraindications

· Voriconazole tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Voriconazole or its excipients. There is no information regarding cross-sensitivity between Voriconazole and other azole antifungal agents. Caution should be used when prescribing Voriconazole to patients with hypersensitivity to other azoles.

· Coadministration of terfenadine, astemizole, cisapride, pimozide or quinidine with Voriconazole is contraindicated because increased plasma concentrations of these drugs can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsadedepointes [see Drug Interactions (7)andClinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

· Coadministration of Voriconazole with sirolimus is contraindicated because Voriconazole significantly increases sirolimus concentrations [see Drug Interactions (7)andClinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

· Coadministration of Voriconazole with rifampin, carbamazepine and long-acting barbiturates is contraindicated because these drugs are likely to decrease plasma Voriconazole concentrations significantly [see Drug Interactions (7)andClinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

· Coadministration of standard doses of Voriconazole with efavirenz doses of 400 mg q24h or higher is contraindicated, because efavirenz significantly decreases plasma Voriconazole concentrations in healthy subjects at these doses. Voriconazole also significantly increases efavirenz plasma concentrations [see Drug Interactions (7)andClinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

· Coadministration of Voriconazole with high-dose ritonavir (400 mg q12h) is contraindicated because ritonavir (400 mg q12h) significantly decreases plasma Voriconazole concentrations. Coadministration of Voriconazole and low-dose ritonavir (100 mg q12h) should be avoided, unless an assessment of the benefit/risk to the patient justifies the use of Voriconazole [see Drug Interactions (7)andClinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

· Coadministration of Voriconazole with rifabutin is contraindicated since Voriconazole significantly increases rifabutin plasma concentrations and rifabutin also significantly decreases Voriconazole plasma concentrations [see Drug Interactions (7)andClinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

· Coadministration of Voriconazole with ergot alkaloids (ergotamine and dihydroergotamine) is contraindicated because Voriconazole may increase the plasma concentration of ergot alkaloids, which may lead to ergotism [see Drug Interactions (7) andClinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

· Coadministration of Voriconazole withSt. John'sWort is contraindicated because this herbal supplement may decrease Voriconazole plasma concentration [seeDrug Interactions (7)andClinical Pharmacology (12.3) ].

 

 

 

Warnings and Precautions
Drug Interactions

See Table 7 for a listing of drugs that may significantly alter Voriconazole concentrations. Also, see Table 8 for a listing of drugs that may interact with Voriconazole resulting in altered pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of the other drug [see Contraindications (4), and Drug Interactions (7)].

Hepatic Toxicity

In clinical trials, there have been uncommon cases of serious hepatic reactions during treatment with Voriconazole (including clinical hepatitis, cholestasis and fulminant hepatic failure, including fatalities). Instances of hepatic reactions were noted to occur primarily in patients with serious underlying medical conditions (predominantly hematological malignancy). Hepatic reactions, including hepatitis and jaundice, have occurred among patients with no other identifiable risk factors. Liver dysfunction has usually been reversible on discontinuation of therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9), and Adverse Reactions (6.3)].

Measure serum transaminase levels and bilirubin at the initiation of Voriconazole therapy and monitor at least weekly for the first month of treatment. Monitoring frequency can be reduced to monthly during continued use if no clinically significant changes are noted. If liver function tests become markedly elevated compared to baseline, Voriconazole should be discontinued unless the medical judgment of the benefit-risk of the treatment for the patient justifies continued use [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9), Dosage and Administration (2.4, 2.7), and Adverse Reactions (6.3)].

Visual Disturbances

The effect of Voriconazole on visual function is not known if treatment continues beyond 28 days.There have been post-marketing reports of prolonged visual adverse events, including optic neuritis and papilledema. If treatment continues beyond 28 days, visual function including visual acuity, visual field and color perception should be monitored [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].

Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

Voriconazole can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman.

In animals, Voriconazole administration was associated with teratogenicity, embryotoxicity, increased gestational length, dystocia and embryomortality [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, inform the patient of the potential hazard to the fetus.

Galactose Intolerance

Voriconazole tablets contain lactose and should not be given to patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption.

Arrhythmias and QT Prolongation

Some azoles, including Voriconazole, have been associated with prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram. During clinical development and post-marketing surveillance, there have been rare cases of arrhythmias, (including ventricular arrhythmias such as torsade de pointes), cardiac arrests and sudden deaths in patients taking Voriconazole. These cases usually involved seriously ill patients with multiple confounding risk factors, such as history of cardiotoxic chemotherapy, cardiomyopathy, hypokalemia and concomitant medications that may have been contributory.

Voriconazole should be administered with caution to patients with potentially proarrhythmic conditions, such as:

· Congenital or acquired QT-prolongation

· Cardiomyopathy, in particular when heart failure is present

· Sinus bradycardia

· Existing symptomatic arrhythmias

· Concomitant medicinal product that is known to prolong QT interval [see Contraindications (4), Drug Interactions (7), and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) ]

Rigorous attempts to correct potassium, magnesium and calcium should be made before starting and during Voriconazole therapy [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Laboratory Tests

Electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia should be corrected prior to initiation of and during Voriconazole therapy.

 

 

 

 

 

Patient management should include laboratory evaluation of renal (particularly serum creatinine) and hepatic function (particularly liver function tests and bilirubin).

Patients With Hepatic Impairment

It is recommended that the standard loading dose regimens be used but that the maintenance dose be halved in patients with mild to moderate hepatic cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Class A and B) receiving Voriconazole [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and Dosage and Administration (2.7)].

Voriconazole has not been studied in patients with severe cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Class C). Voriconazole has been associated with elevations in liver function tests and clinical signs of liver damage, such as jaundice, and should only be used in patients with severe hepatic impairment if the benefit outweighs the potential risk. Patients with hepatic impairment must be carefully monitored for drug toxicity.

Patients With Renal Impairment

In patients with moderate to severe renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance <50 mL/min), accumulation of the intravenous vehicle, SBECD, occurs. Oral Voriconazole should be administered to these patients, unless an assessment of the benefit/risk to the patient justifies the use of intravenous Voriconazole. Serum creatinine levels should be closely monitored in these patients, and if increases occur, consideration should be given to changing to oral Voriconazole therapy [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and Dosage and Administration (2.8)].

Monitoring of Renal Function

Acute renal failure has been observed in patients undergoing treatment with Voriconazole. Patients being treated with Voriconazole are likely to be treated concomitantly with nephrotoxic medications and have concurrent conditions that may result in decreased renal function.

Patients should be monitored for the development of abnormal renal function. This should include laboratory evaluation, particularly serum creatinine.

Monitoring of Pancreatic Function

Patients with risk factors for acute pancreatitis (e.g., recent chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT]) should be monitored for the development of pancreatitis during Voriconazole treatment.

Dermatological Reactions

Serious exfoliative cutaneous reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported during treatment with Voriconazole. If a patient develops an exfoliative cutaneous reaction, Voriconazole should be discontinued.

Voriconazole has been associated with photosensitivity skin reaction. Patients, including children, should avoid exposure to direct sunlight during Voriconazole treatment and should use measures such as protective clothing and sunscreen with high sun protection factor (SPF). If phototoxic reactions occur, the patient should be referred to a dermatologist and Voriconazole discontinuation should be considered. If Voriconazole is continued despite the occurrence of phototoxicityrelated lesions, dermatologic evaluation should be performed on a systematic and regular basis to allow early detection and management of premalignant lesions. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and melanoma have been reported during long-term Voriconazole therapy in patients with photosensitivity skin reactions. If a patient develops a skin lesion consistent with premalignant skin lesions, squamous cell carcinoma or melanoma, Voriconazole should be discontinued.

The frequency of phototoxicity reactions is higher in the pediatric population. Because squamous cell carcinoma has been reported in patients who experience photosensitivity reactions, stringent measures for photoprotection are warranted in children. In children experiencing photoaging injuries such as lentigines or ephelides, sun avoidance and dermatologic follow-up are recommended even after treatment discontinuation.

Skeletal Adverse Events

Fluorosis and periostitis have been reported during long-term Voriconazole therapy. If a patient develops skeletal pain and radiologic findings compatible with fluorosis or periostitis, Voriconazole should be discontinued [see Adverse Reactions (6.4)].

Adverse Reactions

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

 

 

 

 

Overview

The most frequently reported adverse events (all causalities) in the therapeutic trials were visual disturbances (18.7%), fever (5.7%), nausea (5.4%), rash (5.3%), vomiting (4.4%), chills (3.7%), headache (3.0%), liver function test increased (2.7%), tachycardia (2.4%), hallucinations (2.4%). The treatment-related adverse events which most often led to discontinuation of Voriconazole therapy were elevated liver function tests, rash, and visual disturbances [see Warning and Precautions (5.2, 5.3) and Adverse Reactions (6.2, 6.3)].

Clinical Trial Experience in Adults

The data described in Table 3 reflect exposure to Voriconazole in 1655 patients in the therapeutic studies. This represents a heterogeneous population, including immunocompromised patients, e.g., patients with hematological malignancy or HIV and non-neutropenic patients. This subgroup does not include healthy subjects and patients treated in the compassionate use and non-therapeutic studies. This patient population was 62% male, had a mean age of 46 years (range 11 to 90, including 51 patients aged 12 to 18 years), and was 78% White and 10% Black. Five hundred sixty one patients had a duration of Voriconazole therapy of greater than 12 weeks, with 136 patients receiving Voriconazole for over six months. Table 3 includes all adverse events which were reported at an incidence of ≥2% during Voriconazole therapy in the all therapeutic studies population, studies 307/602 and 608 combined, or study 305, as well as events of concern which occurred at an incidence of <2%.

In study 307/602, 381 patients (196 on Voriconazole, 185 on amphotericin B) were treated to compare Voriconazole to amphotericin B followed by other licensed antifungal therapy in the primary treatment of patients with acute invasive aspergillosis. The rate of discontinuation from Voriconazole study medication due to adverse events was 21.4% (42/196 patients). In study 608, 403 patients with candidemia were treated to compare Voriconazole (272 patients) to the regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole (131 patients). The rate of discontinuation from Voriconazole study medication due to adverse events was 19.5% out of 272 patients. Study 305 evaluated the effects of oral Voriconazole (200 patients) and oral fluconazole (191 patients) in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. The rate of discontinuation from Voriconazole study medication in Study 305 due to adverse events was 7% (14/200 patients). Laboratory test abnormalities for these studies are discussed under Clinical Laboratory Values below.

Table 3: Treatment Emergent Adverse Events Rate ≥ 2% on Voriconazole or Adverse Events of Concern in All Therapeutic Studies Population, Studies 307/602-608 Combined, or Study 305. Possibly Related to Therapy or Causality Unknown*

*

Study 307/602: invasive aspergillosis; Study 608: candidemia; Study 305: esophageal candidiasis

†

Amphotericin B followed by other licensed antifungal therapy

 

All Therapeutic Studies

Studies 307/602 and 608 
(IV/ oral therapy)

 

 

Study 305  
(oral therapy)

 

 

Voriconazole N=1655

Voriconazole N=468

Ampho B† N=185

Ampho B→ Fluconazole N=131

Voriconazole N=200

Fluconazole N=191

 

N (%) 

N (%) 

N (%) 

N (%) 

N (%) 

N (%) 

Special Senses†† 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abnormal vision 

310 (18.7) 

63 (13.5) 

1 (0.5) 

0 

31 (15.5) 

8 (4.2) 

Photophobia 

37 (2.2) 

8 (1.7) 

0 

0 

5 (2.5) 

2 (1) 

Chromatopsia 

20 (1.2) 

2 (0.4) 

0 

0 

2 (1) 

0 

Body as a Whole 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fever 

94 (5.7) 

8 (1.7) 

25 (13.5) 

5 (3.8) 

0 

0 

Chills 

61 (3.7) 

1 (0.2) 

36 (19.5) 

8 (6.1) 

1 (0.5) 

0 

Headache 

49 (3) 

9 (1.9) 

8 (4.3) 

1 (0.8) 

0 

1 (0.5) 

Cardiovascular System 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Tachycardia 

39 (2.4) 

6 (1.3) 

5 (2.7) 

0 

0 

0 

Digestive System 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nausea 

89 (5.4) 

18 (3.8) 

29 (15.7) 

2 (1.5) 

2 (1) 

3 (1.6) 

Vomiting 

72 (4.4) 

15 (3.2) 

18 (9.7) 

1 (0.8) 

2 (1) 

1 (0.5) 

Liver function tests abnormal 

45 (2.7) 

15 (3.2) 

4 (2.2) 

1 (0.8) 

6 (3) 

2 (1) 

Cholestatic jaundice 

17 (1) 

8 (1.7) 

0 

1 (0.8) 

3 (1.5) 

0 

Metabolic and Nutritional Systems 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Alkaline phosphatase increased 

59 (3.6) 

19 (4.1) 

4 (2.2) 

3 (2.3) 

10 (5) 

3 (1.6) 

Hepatic enzymes increased 

30 (1.8) 

11 (2.4) 

5 (2.7) 

1 (0.8) 

3 (1.5) 

0 

SGOT increased 

31 (1.9) 

9 (1.9) 

0 

1 (0.8) 

8 (4) 

2 (1) 

SGPT increased 

29 (1.8) 

9 (1.9) 

1 (0.5) 

2 (1.5) 

6 (3) 

2 (1) 

Hypokalemia 

26 (1.6) 

3 (0.6) 

36 (19.5) 

16 (12.2) 

0 

0 

Bilirubinemia 

15 (0.9) 

5 (1.1) 

3 (1.6) 

2 (1.5) 

1 (0.5) 

0 

Creatinine increased 

4 (0.2) 

0 

59 (31.9) 

10 (7.6) 

1 (0.5) 

0 

Nervous System 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hallucinations 

39 (2.4) 

13 (2.8) 

1 (0.5) 

0 

0 

0 

Skin and Appendages 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rash 

88 (5.3) 

20 (4.3) 

7 (3.8) 

1 (0.8) 

3 (1.5) 

1 (0.5) 

Urogenital 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kidney function abnormal 

10 (0.6) 

6 (1.3) 

40 (21.6) 

9 (6.9) 

1 (0.5) 

1 (0.5) 

Acute kidney failure 

7 (0.4) 

2 (0.4) 

11 (5.9) 

7 (5.3) 

0 

0 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Visual Disturbances

Voriconazole treatment-related visual disturbances are common. In therapeutic trials, approximately 21% of patients experienced abnormal vision, color vision change and/or photophobia. Visual disturbances may be associated with higher plasma concentrations and/or doses.

There have been post-marketing reports of prolonged visual adverse events, including optic neuritis and papilledema [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

The mechanism of action of the visual disturbance is unknown, although the site of action is most likely to be within the retina. In a study in healthy subjects investigating the effect of 28-day treatment with Voriconazole on retinal function, Voriconazole caused a decrease in the electroretinogram (ERG) waveform amplitude, a decrease in the visual field, and an alteration in color perception. The ERG measures electrical currents in the retina. The effects were noted early in administration of Voriconazole and continued through the course of study drug dosing. Fourteen days after end of dosing, ERG, visual fields and color perception returned to normal [see Warnings and Precautions (5)].

Dermatological Reactions

Dermatological reactions were common in the patients treated with Voriconazole. The mechanism underlying these dermatologic adverse events remains unknown.

Serious cutaneous reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis and erythema multiforme have been reported during treatment with Voriconazole. If a patient develops an exfoliative cutaneous reaction, Voriconazole should be discontinued.

In addition, Voriconazole has been associated with photosensitivity skin reactions. Patients should avoid strong, direct sunlight during Voriconazole therapy. In patients with photosensitivity skin reactions, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and melanoma have been reported during long-term therapy. If a patient develops a skin lesion consistent with squamous cell carcinoma or melanoma, Voriconazole should be discontinued [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].

Less Common Adverse Events

The following adverse events occurred in <2% of all Voriconazole-treated patients in all therapeutic studies (N=1655). This listing includes events where a causal relationship to Voriconazole cannot be ruled out or those which may help the physician in managing the risks to the patients. The list does not include events included in Table 3 above and does not include every event reported in the Voriconazole clinical program.

Body as a Whole: abdominal pain, abdomen enlarged, allergic reaction, anaphylactoid reaction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)], ascites, asthenia, back pain, chest pain, cellulitis, edema, face edema, flank pain, flu syndrome, graft versus host reaction, granuloma, infection, bacterial infection, fungal infection, injection site pain, injection site infection/inflammation, mucous membrane disorder, multi-organ failure, pain, pelvic pain, peritonitis, sepsis, substernal chest pain.

Cardiovascular: atrial arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, AV block complete, bigeminy, bradycardia, bundle branch block, cardiomegaly, cardiomyopathy, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure, deep thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, extrasystoles, heart arrest, hypertension, hypotension, myocardial infarction, nodal arrhythmia, palpitation, phlebitis, postural hypotension, pulmonary embolus, QT interval prolonged, supraventricular extrasystoles, supraventricular tachycardia, syncope, thrombophlebitis, vasodilatation, ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia (including torsade de pointes) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Digestive: anorexia, cheilitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, constipation, diarrhea, duodenal ulcer perforation, duodenitis, dyspepsia, dysphagia, dry mouth, esophageal ulcer, esophagitis, flatulence, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, GGT/LDH elevated, gingivitis, glossitis, gum hemorrhage, gum hyperplasia, hematemesis, hepatic coma, hepatic failure, hepatitis, intestinal perforation, intestinal ulcer, jaundice, enlarged liver, melena, mouth ulceration, pancreatitis, parotid gland enlargement, periodontitis, proctitis, pseudomembranous colitis, rectal disorder, rectal hemorrhage, stomach ulcer, stomatitis, tongue edema.

Endocrine: adrenal cortex insufficiency, diabetes insipidus, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism.

Hemic and Lymphatic: agranulocytosis, anemia (macrocytic, megaloblastic, microcytic, normocytic), aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, bleeding time increased, cyanosis, DIC, ecchymosis, eosinophilia, hypervolemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, lymphangitis, marrow depression, pancytopenia, petechia, purpura, enlarged spleen, thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Metabolic and Nutritional: albuminuria, BUN increased, creatine phosphokinase increased, edema, glucose tolerance decreased, hypercalcemia, hypercholesteremia, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hypermagnesemia, hypernatremia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, peripheral edema, uremia.

Musculoskeletal: arthralgia, arthritis, bone necrosis, bone pain, leg cramps, myalgia, myasthenia, myopathy, osteomalacia, osteoporosis.

Nervous System: abnormal dreams, acute brain syndrome, agitation, akathisia, amnesia, anxiety, ataxia, brain edema, coma, confusion, convulsion, delirium, dementia, depersonalization, depression, diplopia, dizziness, encephalitis, encephalopathy, euphoria, Extrapyramidal Syndrome, grand mal convulsion, Guillain-BarrÉ syndrome, hypertonia, hypesthesia, insomnia, intracranial hypertension, libido decreased, neuralgia, neuropathy, nystagmus, oculogyric crisis, paresthesia, psychosis, somnolence, suicidal ideation, tremor, vertigo.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Respiratory System: cough increased, dyspnea, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hypoxia, lung edema, pharyngitis, pleural effusion, pneumonia, respiratory disorder, respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory tract infection, rhinitis, sinusitis, voice alteration.

Skin and Appendages: alopecia, angioedema, contact dermatitis, discoid lupus erythematosis, eczema, erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis, fixed drug eruption, furunculosis, herpes simplex, maculopapular rash, melanoma, melanosis, photosensitivity skin reaction, pruritus, pseudoporphyria, psoriasis, skin discoloration, skin disorder, skin dry, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, squamous cell carcinoma, sweating, toxic epidermal necrolysis, urticaria.

Special Senses: abnormality of accommodation, blepharitis, color blindness, conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, deafness, ear pain, eye pain, eye hemorrhage, dry eyes, hypoacusis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, mydriasis, night blindness, optic atrophy, optic neuritis, otitis externa, papilledema, retinal hemorrhage, retinitis, scleritis, taste loss, taste perversion, tinnitus, uveitis, visual field defect.

Urogenital: anuria, blighted ovum, creatinine clearance decreased, dysmenorrhea, dysuria, epididymitis, glycosuria, hemorrhagic cystitis, hematuria, hydronephrosis, impotence, kidney pain, kidney tubular necrosis, metrorrhagia, nephritis, nephrosis, oliguria, scrotal edema, urinary incontinence, urinary retention, urinary tract infection, uterine hemorrhage, vaginal hemorrhage.

Clinical Laboratory Values

The overall incidence of clinically significant transaminase abnormalities in all therapeutic studies was 12.4% (206/1655) of patients treated with Voriconazole. Increased incidence of liver function test abnormalities may be associated with higher plasma concentrations and/or doses. The majority of abnormal liver function tests either resolved during treatment without dose adjustment or following dose adjustment, including discontinuation of therapy.

Voriconazole has been infrequently associated with cases of serious hepatic toxicity including cases of jaundice and rare cases of hepatitis and hepatic failure leading to death. Most of these patients had other serious underlying conditions.

Liver function tests should be evaluated at the start of and during the course of Voriconazole therapy. Patients who develop abnormal liver function tests during Voriconazole therapy should be monitored for the development of more severe hepatic injury. Patient management should include laboratory evaluation of hepatic function (particularly liver function tests and bilirubin). Discontinuation of Voriconazole must be considered if clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver disease develop that may be attributable to Voriconazole [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

Acute renal failure has been observed in severely ill patients undergoing treatment with Voriconazole. Patients being treated with Voriconazole are likely to be treated concomitantly with nephrotoxic medications and have concurrent conditions that may result in decreased renal function. It is recommended that patients are monitored for the development of abnormal renal function. This should include laboratory evaluation, particularly serum creatinine.

Tables 4 to 6 show the number of patients with hypokalemia and clinically significant changes in renal and liver function tests in three randomized, comparative multicenter studies. In study 305, patients with esophageal candidiasis were randomized to either oral Voriconazole or oral fluconazole. In study 307/602, patients with definite or probable invasive aspergillosis were randomized to either Voriconazole or amphotericin B therapy. In study 608, patients with candidemia were randomized to either Voriconazole or the regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole.

Table 4:Protocol 305 – Patients with Esophageal CandidiasisClinically Significant Laboratory Test Abnormalities

n = number of patients with a clinically significant abnormality while on study therapy

N = total number of patients with at least one observation of the given lab test while on study therapy

ULN = upper limit of normal

*

Without regard to baseline value

 

Criteria* 

Voriconazole 

Fluconazole

 

 

n/N (%) 

n /N (%)

 

 

 

 

T. Bilirubin 

>1.5x ULN 

8/185 (4.3) 

7/186 (3.8)

AST 

>3x ULN 

38/187 (20.3) 

15/186 (8.1)

ALT 

>3x ULN 

20/187 (10.7) 

12/186 (6.5)

Alk phos 

>3x ULN 

19/187 (10.2) 

14/186 (7.5)

Table 5:Protocol 307/602 – Primary Treatment of Invasive AspergillosisClinically Significant Laboratory Test Abnormalities

n = number of patients with a clinically significant abnormality while on study therapy

N = total number of patients with at least one observation of the given lab test while on study therapy

ULN = upper limit of normal

LLN = lower limit of normal

*

Without regard to baseline value

†

Amphotericin B followed by other licensed antifungal therapy

 

Criteria* 

Voriconazole 

Amphotericin B†  

 

 

n/N (%) 

n /N (%) 

 

 

 

 

T. Bilirubin 

>1.5x ULN 

35/180 (19.4) 

46/173 (26.6) 

AST 

>3x ULN 

21/180 (11.7) 

18/174 (10.3) 

ALT 

>3x ULN 

34/180 (18.9) 

40/173 (23.1) 

Alk phos 

>3x ULN 

29/181 (16) 

38/173 (22) 

Creatinine 

>1.3x ULN 

39/182 (21.4) 

102/177 (57.6) 

Potassium 

<0.9x LLN 

30/181 (16.6) 

70/178 (39.3) 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 6:Protocol 608 – Treatment of CandidemiaClinically Significant Laboratory Test Abnormalities

n = number of patients with a clinically significant abnormality while on study therapy

N = total number of patients with at least one observation of the given lab test while on study therapy

ULN = upper limit of normal

LLN = lower limit of normal

*

Without regard to baseline value

 

Criteria* 

Voriconazole 

Amphotericin B followed by Fluconazole   

 

 

n/N (%) 

n /N (%) 

 

 

 

 

T. Bilirubin 

>1.5x ULN 

50/261 (19.2) 

31/115 (27) 

AST 

>3x ULN 

40/261 (15.3) 

16/116 (13.8) 

ALT 

>3x ULN 

22/261 (8.4) 

15/116 (12.9) 

Alk phos 

>3x ULN 

59/261 (22.6) 

26/115 (22.6) 

Creatinine 

>1.3x ULN 

39/260 (15) 

32/118 (27.1) 

Potassium 

<0.9x LLN 

43/258 (16.7) 

35/118 (29.7) 

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Voriconazole. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Skeletal: fluorosis and periostitis have been reported during long-term Voriconazole therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)].

Drug Interactions

Table 7: Effect of Other Drugs on Voriconazole Pharmacokinetics [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]

*

Results based on in vivo clinical studies generally following repeat oral dosing with 200 mg q12h Voriconazole to healthy subjects.

†

Results based on in vivo clinical study following repeat oral dosing with 400 mg q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for at least 2 days Voriconazole to healthy subjects.

‡

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.

Drug/Drug Class (Mechanism of Interaction by the Drug)

Voriconazole Plasma Exposure (Cmax and AUCτ after 200 mg q12h)

Recommendations for Voriconazole Dosage Adjustment/Comments

Rifampin* and Rifabutin* (CYP450 Induction) 

Significantly Reduced

Contraindicated

Efavirenz (400 mg q24h)† (CYP450 Induction) 

Efavirenz (300 mg q24h)
†(CYP450 Induction) 

Significantly Reduced


Slight Decrease in AUC
τ 

Contraindicated


When Voriconazole is coadministered with efavirenz, Voriconazole oral maintenance dose should be increased to 400 mg q12h and efavirenz should be decreased to 300 mg q24h

High-dose Ritonavir 
(400 mg q12h)
† 
(CYP450 Induction) 

Low-dose Ritonavir 
(100 mg q12h)
† 
(CYP450 Induction) 

Significantly Reduced 



Reduced

Contraindicated  



Coadministration of Voriconazole and low-dose ritonavir (100 mg q12h) should be avoided, unless an assessment of the benefit/risk to the patient justifies the use of Voriconazole 

Carbamazepine 
(CYP450 Induction) 

Not Studied In Vivo or In Vitro, but Likely to Result in Significant Reduction 

Contraindicated 

Long Acting Barbiturates (CYP450 Induction) 

Not Studied In Vivo or In Vitro, but Likely to Result in Significant Reduction 

Contraindicated 

Phenytoin* 
(CYP450 Induction) 

Significantly Reduced 

Increase Voriconazole maintenance dose from 4 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg IV q12h or from 200 mg to 400 mg orally q12h (100 mg to 200 mg orally q12h in patients weighing less than 40 kg) 

St. John’s Wort 
(CYP450 inducer; P-gp inducer) 

Significantly Reduced 

Contraindicated 

Oral Contraceptives† 
containing ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone 
(CYP2C19 Inhibition) 

Increased 

Monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to Voriconazole is recommended when coadministered with oral contraceptives 

Fluconazole† 
(CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 Inhibition) 

Significantly Increased 

Avoid concomitant administration of Voriconazole and fluconazole. Monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to Voriconazole is started within 24 h after the last dose of fluconazole. 

Other HIV Protease Inhibitors (CYP3A4 Inhibition) 

In Vivo Studies Showed No Significant Effects of Indinavir on Voriconazole Exposure 


In Vitro Studies Demonstrated Potential for Inhibition of Voriconazole Metabolism (Increased Plasma Exposure) 

No dosage adjustment in the Voriconazole dosage needed when coadministered with indinavir 

Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to Voriconazole when coadministered with other HIV 
protease inhibitors  

Other NNRTIs‡ 
(CYP3A4 Inhibition or CYP450 Induction) 

In Vitro Studies Demonstrated Potential for Inhibition of Voriconazole Metabolism by Delavirdine and Other NNRTIs (Increased Plasma Exposure) 

A Voriconazole-Efavirenz Drug Interaction Study Demonstrated the Potential for the Metabolism of Voriconazole to be Induced by Efavirenz and Other NNRTIs (Decreased Plasma Exposure) 

Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to Voriconazole 



Careful assessment of Voriconazole effectiveness 

 

 

 

 

Table 8. Effect of Voriconazole on Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]

*

Results based on in vivo clinical studies generally following repeat oral dosing with 200 mg BID Voriconazole to healthy subjects

†

Results based on in vivo clinical study following repeat oral dosing with 400 mg q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for at least 2 days Voriconazole to healthy subjects

‡

Results based on in vivo clinical study following repeat oral dosing with 400 mg q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for 4 days Voriconazole to subjects receiving a methadone maintenance dose (30 mg to 100 mg q24h)

§

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

¶

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Drug/Drug Class
(Mechanism of Interaction by Voriconazole)

Drug Plasma Exposure
(C
max and AUCτ )

Recommendations for Drug Dosage Adjustment/Comments

Sirolimus*
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Significantly Increased

Contraindicated

Rifabutin*
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Significantly Increased

Contraindicated

Efavirenz (400 mg q24h)†
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)
Efavirenz (300 mg q24h)
**(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Significantly Reduced
Slight Decrease in AUC
τ

Contraindicated
When Voriconazole is coadministered with efavirenz, Voriconazole oral maintenance dose should be increased to 400 mg q12h and efavirenz should be decreased to 300 mg q24h

High-dose Ritonavir
(400 mg q12h)
†
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)
Low-dose Ritonavir
(100 mg q12h)
†

No Significant Effect of Voriconazole on Ritonavir Cmax or AUCτ
Slight Decrease in Ritonavir C
max and AUCτ

Contraindicated because of significant reduction of Voriconazole Cmaxand AUCτ
Coadministration of Voriconazole and low-dose ritonavir (100 mg q12h) should be avoided (due to the reduction in Voriconazole C
max and AUCτ) unless an assessment of the benefit/risk to the patient justifies the use of Voriconazole

Terfenadine, Astemizole, Cisapride, Pimozide, Quinidine (CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Not Studied In Vivo or In Vitro , but Drug Plasma Exposure Likely to be Increased

Contraindicated because of potential for QT prolongation and rare occurrence of torsade de pointes

Ergot Alkaloids
(CYP450 Inhibition)

Not Studied In Vivo or In Vitro , but Drug Plasma Exposure Likely to be Increased

Contraindicated

Cyclosporine*
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

AUCτ Significantly Increased; No Significant Effect on Cmax

When initiating therapy with Voriconazole in patients already receiving cyclosporine, reduce the cyclosporine dose to one-half of the starting dose and follow with frequent monitoring of cyclosporine blood levels. Increased cyclosporine levels have been associated with nephrotoxicity. When Voriconazole is discontinued, cyclosporine
concentrations must be frequently monitored and the dose increased as necessary. 

Methadone‡
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Increased

Increased plasma concentrations of methadone have been associated with toxicity including QT prolongation. Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to methadone is recommended during coadministration. Dose reduction of methadone may be needed

Fentanyl
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Increased

Reduction in the dose of fentanyl and other long-acting opiates metabolized by CYP3A4 should be considered when coadministered with Voriconazole. Extended and frequent monitoring for opiate-associated adverse events may be necessary [see Drug Interactions (7) ]

Alfentanil
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Significantly Increased

Reduction in the dose of alfentanil and other opiates metabolized by CYP3A4 (e.g., sufentanil) should be considered when coadministered with Voriconazole. A longer period for monitoring respiratory and other opiate-associated adverse events may be necessary [see Drug Interactions (7) ].

Oxycodone
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Significantly Increased

Reduction in the dose of oxycodone and other long-acting opiates metabolized by CYP3A4 should be considered when coadministered with Voriconazole. Extended and frequent monitoring for opiate-associated adverse events may be necessary [see Drug Interactions (7) ].

NSAIDs§including. ibuprofen and diclofenac
(CYP2C9 Inhibition)

Increased

Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to NSAIDs. Dose reduction of NSAIDs may be needed [see Drug Interactions (7) ].

Tacrolimus*
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Significantly Increased

When initiating therapy with Voriconazole in patients already receiving tacrolimus, reduce the tacrolimus dose to one-third of the starting dose and follow with frequent monitoring of tacrolimus blood levels. Increased tacrolimus levels have been associated with nephrotoxicity. When Voriconazole is discontinued, tacrolimus concentrations must be frequently monitored and the dose increased as necessary.

Phenytoin*
(CYP2C9 Inhibition)

Significantly Increased

Frequent monitoring of phenytoin plasma concentrations and frequent monitoring of adverse effects related to phenytoin.

Oral Contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)
†

Increased

Monitoring for adverse events related to oral contraceptives is recommended during coadministration.

Warfarin*
(CYP2C9 Inhibition)

Prothrombin Time Significantly Increased

Monitor PT or other suitable anti-coagulation tests. Adjustment of warfarin dosage may be needed. 

Omeprazole*
(CYP2C19/3A4 Inhibition)

Significantly Increased

When initiating therapy with Voriconazole in patients already receiving omeprazole doses of 40 mg or greater, reduce the omeprazole dose by one-half. The metabolism of other proton pump inhibitors that are CYP2C19 substrates may also be inhibited by Voriconazole and may result in increased plasma concentrations of other proton pump inhibitors.

Other HIV Protease Inhibitors (CYP3A4 Inhibition)

In Vivo Studies Showed No Significant Effects on Indinavir Exposure
In Vitro Studies Demonstrated Potential for Voriconazole to Inhibit Metabolism (Increased Plasma Exposure)

No dosage adjustment for indinavir when coadministered with Voriconazole
Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to other HIV protease inhibitors

Other NNRTIs¶
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

A Voriconazole-Efavirenz Drug Interaction Study Demonstrated the Potential for Voriconazole to Inhibit Metabolism of Other NNRTIs (Increased Plasma Exposure)

Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to NNRTI

Benzodiazepines
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

In Vitro Studies Demonstrated Potential for Voriconazole to Inhibit Metabolism (Increased Plasma Exposure)

Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity (i.e., prolonged sedation) related to benzodiazepines metabolized by CYP3A4 (e.g., midazolam, triazolam, alprazolam). Adjustment of benzodiazepine dosage may be needed.

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins) (CYP3A4 Inhibition)

In Vitro Studies Demonstrated Potential for Voriconazole to Inhibit Metabolism (Increased Plasma Exposure)

Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to statins. Increased statin concentrations in plasma have been associated with rhabdomyolysis. Adjustment of the statin dosage may be needed.

Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers (CYP3A4 Inhibition)

In Vitro Studies Demonstrated Potential for Voriconazole to Inhibit Metabolism (Increased Plasma Exposure)

Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to calcium channel blockers. Adjustment of calcium channel blocker dosage may be needed.

Sulfonylurea Oral Hypoglycemics (CYP2C9 Inhibition)

Not Studied In Vivo or In Vitro , but Drug Plasma Exposure Likely to be Increased

Frequent monitoring of blood glucose and for signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia. Adjustment of oral hypoglycemic drug dosage may be needed.

Vinca Alkaloids
(CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Not Studied In Vivo or In Vitro , but Drug Plasma Exposure Likely to be Increased

Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity (i.e., neurotoxicity) related to vinca alkaloids. Reserve azole antifungals, including Voriconazole, for patients receiving a vinca alkaloid who have no alternative antifungal treatment options.

Everolimus (CYP3A4 Inhibition)

Not Studied In Vivo or In Vitro , but Drug Plasma Exposure Likely to be Increased

Concomitant administration of Voriconazole and everolimus is not recommended.

 

 

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Voriconazole can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. There are no available data on the use of Voriconazole in pregnant women. In animal reproduction studies, oral Voriconazole was teratogenic in rats and embryotoxic in rabbits. Cleft palates and hydronephrosis/hydroureter were observed in rat pups exposed to Voriconazole during organogenesis at and above 10 mg/kg (0.3 times the recommended maintenance dose of 200 mg every 12 hours based on body surface area comparisons). In rabbits, embryomortality, reduced fetal weight and increased incidence of skeletal variations, cervical ribs and extrasternal ossification sites were observed in pups when pregnant rabbits were orally dosed at 100 mg/kg (6 times the RMD based on body surface area comparisons) during organogenesis. Rats exposed to Voriconazole from implantation to weaning experienced increased gestational length and dystocia, which were associated with increased perinatal pup mortality at the 10 mg/kg dose. [see Data]. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, inform the patient of the potential hazard to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20% respectively.

Data

Animal Data

Voriconazole was administered orally to pregnant rats during organogenesis (gestation days 6-17) at 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day. Voriconazole was teratogenic with increased incidences in hydroureter and hydronephrosis at 10 mg/kg/day or greater, approximately 0.3 times the recommended human dose (RMD) based on mg/m2, and cleft palate at 60 mg/kg, approximately 2 times the recommended human dose (RMD) based on mg/m2. Reduced ossification of sacral and caudal vertebrae, skull, pubic, and hyoid bone, supernumerary ribs, anomalies of the sternbrae, and dilatation of the ureter/renal pelvis were also observed at doses of 10 mg/kg or greater. There was no evidence of maternal toxicity at any dose.

Voriconazole was administered orally to pregnant rabbits during the period of organogenesis (gestation days 7-19) at 10, 40, and 100 mg/kg/day. Voriconazole produced embryofetal toxicity (increased post-implantation loss, decreased fetal body weight) in association with maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain and food consumption) at 100 mg/kg/day (6 times the RMD based on mg/m2). Fetal skeletal variations (increases in the incidence of cervical rib and extra sternebral ossification sites) were observed at 100 mg/kg/day.

In a peri-and postnatal toxicity study in rats, Voriconazole was administered orally to female rats from implantation through the end of lactation at 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/day. Voriconazole prolonged the duration of gestation and labor and produced dystocia with related increases in maternal mortality and decreases in perinatal survival of F1 pups at 10 mg/kg/day, approximately 0.3 times the RMD.

Lactation

Risk Summary

No data are available regarding the presence of Voriconazole in human milk, the effects of Voriconazole on the breastfed infant, or the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for Voriconazole and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from Voriconazole or from the underlying maternal condition.

Females and Males of Reproductive Potential

Contraception

Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with Voriconazole. The coadministration of Voriconazole with the oral contraceptive, Ortho-Novum® (35 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 1 mg norethindrone), results in an interaction between these two drugs, but is unlikely to reduce the contraceptive effect. Monitoring for adverse reactions associated with oral contraceptives and Voriconazole is recommended [see Drug Interactions (7) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established.

A total of 22 patients aged 12 to 18 years with invasive aspergillosis were included in the therapeutic studies. Twelve out of 22 (55%) patients had successful response after treatment with a maintenance dose of Voriconazole 4 mg/kg q12h.

Sparse plasma sampling for pharmacokinetics in adolescents was conducted in the therapeutic studies [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted on pooled data from 35 immunocompromised pediatric patients aged 2 to <12 years old who were included in two pharmacokinetic studies of intravenous Voriconazole (single dose and multiple dose). Twenty-four of these patients received multiple intravenous maintenance doses of 3 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg. A comparison of the pediatric and adult population pharmacokinetic data revealed that the predicted average steady state plasma concentrations were similar at the maintenance dose of 4 mg/kg every 12 hours in children and 3 mg/kg every 12 hours in adults (medians of 1.19 μg/mL and 1.16 μg/mL in children and adults, respectively). There have been postmarketing reports of pancreatitis in pediatric patients.

 

 

 

Geriatric Use

In multiple dose therapeutic trials of Voriconazole, 9.2% of patients were ≥65 years of age and 1.8% of patients were ≥75 years of age. In a study in healthy subjects, the systemic exposure (AUC) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were increased in elderly males compared to young males. Pharmacokinetic data obtained from 552 patients from 10 Voriconazole therapeutic trials showed that Voriconazole plasma concentrations in the elderly patients were approximately 80% to 90% higher than those in younger patients after either IV or oral administration. However, the overall safety profile of the elderly patients was similar to that of the young so no dosage adjustment is recommended [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Overdosage

In clinical trials, there were three cases of accidental overdose. All occurred in pediatric patients who received up to five times the recommended intravenous dose of Voriconazole. A single adverse event of photophobia of 10 minutes duration was reported.

There is no known antidote to Voriconazole.

Voriconazole is hemodialyzed with clearance of 121 mL/min. The intravenous vehicle, SBECD, is hemodialyzed with clearance of 55 mL/min. In an overdose, hemodialysis may assist in the removal of Voriconazole and SBECD from the body.

Voriconazole Description

Voriconazole, an azole antifungal agent is available as film-coated tablets for oral administration. The structural formula is:


Voriconazole is designated chemically as (2R,3S)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(5-fluoro-4-pyrimidinyl)-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butanol with an molecular formula of C16H14F3N5O and a molecular weight of 349.3.

Voriconazole drug substance is a white to almost white powder.

Each Voriconazole tablet intended for oral administration contains 50 mg or 200 mg of Voriconazole. In addition, each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, povidone and pregelatinized starch. Additionally, each Voriconazole tablets contain opadry II white 33F28398 which contains hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, polyethylene glycol, talc and titanium dioxide.

Voriconazole - Clinical Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action

Voriconazole is an antifungal drug [see Microbiology (12.4)] 

Pharmacodynamics

Exposure-Response Relationship For Efficacy and Safety

In 10 clinical trials (N=1121), the median values for the average and maximum Voriconazole plasma concentrations in individual patients across these studies was 2.51 μg/mL (inter-quartile range 1.21 to 4.44 μg/mL) and 3.79 μg/mL (inter-quartile range 2.06 to 6.31 μg/mL), respectively. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of patient data from 6 of these 10 clinical trials (N=280) could not detect a positive association between mean, maximum or minimum plasma Voriconazole concentration and efficacy. However, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses of the data from all 10 clinical trials identified positive associations between plasma Voriconazole concentrations and rate of both liver function test abnormalities and visual disturbances [see Adverse Reactions (6)].

Cardiac Electrophysiology

A placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study to evaluate the effect on the QT interval of healthy male and female subjects was conducted with three single oral doses of Voriconazole and ketoconazole. Serial ECGs and plasma samples were obtained at specified intervals over a 24-hour post dose observation period. The placebo-adjusted mean maximum increases in QTc from baseline after 800, 1200, and 1600 mg of Voriconazole and after ketoconazole 800 mg were all <10 msec. Females exhibited a greater increase in QTc than males, although all mean changes were <10 msec. Age was not found to affect the magnitude of increase in QTc. No subject in any group had an increase in QTc of ≥60 msec from baseline. No subject experienced an interval exceeding the potentially clinically relevant threshold of 500 msec. However, the QT effect of Voriconazole combined with drugs known to prolong the QT interval is unknown [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7)].

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of Voriconazole have been characterized in healthy subjects, special populations and patients.

The pharmacokinetics of Voriconazole are non-linear due to saturation of its metabolism. The interindividual variability of Voriconazole pharmacokinetics is high. Greater than proportional increase in exposure is observed with increasing dose. It is estimated that, on average, increasing the oral dose from 200 mg q12h to 300 mg q12h leads to an approximately 2.5-fold increase in exposure (AUCτ), similarly increasing the intravenous dose from 3 mg/kg q12h to 4 mg/kg q12h produces an approximately 2.5-fold increase in exposure (Table 9).

 

 

Table 9:Geometric Mean (%CV) Plasma Voriconazole Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Adults Receiving Different Dosing Regimens

 

 

6 mg/kg IV  
(loading dose)

3 mg/kg IV q12h

4 mg/kg IV q12h

400 mg Oral (loading dose)

200 mg Oral q12h

300 mg Oral q12h

N

35

23

40

17

48

16

AUC12 (mcg•h/mL)

13.9 (32)

13.7 (53)

33.9 (54)

9.31 (38)

12.4 (78)

34.0 (53)

Cmax (mcg/mL)

3.13 (20)

3.03 (25)

4.77 (36)

2.30 (19)

2.31 (48)

4.74 (35)

Cmax (mcg/mL)

--

0.46 (97)

1.73 (74)

--

0.46 (120)

1.63 (79)

Note: Parameters were estimated based on non-compartmental analysis from 5 pharmacokinetic studies. AUC12 = area under the curve over 12 hour dosing interval, Cmax = maximum plasma concentration, Cmin = minimum plasma concentration. CV = coefficient of variation.

When the recommended intravenous loading dose regimen is administered to healthy subjects, plasma concentrations close to steady state are achieved within the first 24 hours of dosing (eg, 6 mg/kg IV q12h on day 1 followed by 3 mg/kg IV q12h). Without the loading dose, accumulation occurs during twice-daily multiple dosing with steady-state plasma Voriconazole concentrations being achieved by day 6 in the majority of subjects.

Absorption

The pharmacokinetic properties of Voriconazole are similar following administration by the intravenous and oral routes. Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of pooled data in healthy subjects (N=207), the oral bioavailability of Voriconazole is estimated to be 96% (CV 13%). Bioequivalence was established between the 200 mg tablet and the 40 mg/mL oral suspension when administered as a 400 mg Q12h loading dose followed by a 200 mg Q12h maintenance dose.

Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) are achieved 1 to 2 hours after dosing. When multiple doses of Voriconazole are administered with high-fat meals, the mean Cmax and AUCτ are reduced by 34% and 24%, respectively when administered as a tablet and by 58% and 37% respectively when administered as the oral suspension [see Dosage and Administration (2)].

In healthy subjects, the absorption of Voriconazole is not affected by coadministration of oral ranitidine, cimetidine, or omeprazole, drugs that are known to increase gastric pH.

Distribution

The volume of distribution at steady state for Voriconazole is estimated to be 4.6 L/kg, suggesting extensive distribution into tissues. Plasma protein binding is estimated to be 58% and was shown to be independent of plasma concentrations achieved following single and multiple oral doses of 200 mg or 300 mg (approximate range: 0.9 to 15 mcg/mL). Varying degrees of hepatic and renal impairment do not affect the protein binding of Voriconazole.

Elimination

Metabolism

In vitro studies showed that Voriconazole is metabolized by the human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 [see Drug Interactions (7)].

In vivo studies indicated that CYP2C19 is significantly involved in the metabolism of Voriconazole. This enzyme exhibits genetic polymorphism [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.5)].

The major metabolite of Voriconazole is the N-oxide, which accounts for 72% of the circulating radiolabelled metabolites in plasma. Since this metabolite has minimal antifungal activity, it does not contribute to the overall efficacy of Voriconazole.

Excretion–Voriconazole is eliminated via hepatic metabolism with less than 2% of the dose excreted unchanged in the urine. After administration of a single radiolabelled dose of either oral or IV Voriconazole, preceded by multiple oral or IV dosing, approximately 80% to 83% of the radioactivity is recovered in the urine. The majority (>94%) of the total radioactivity is excreted in the first 96 hours after both oral and intravenous dosing.

As a result of non-linear pharmacokinetics, the terminal half-life of Voriconazole is dose dependent and therefore not useful in predicting the accumulation or elimination of Voriconazole.

Specific Populations

Male and Female Patients

In a multiple oral dose study, the mean Cmax and AUCτ for healthy young females were 83% and 113% higher, respectively, than in healthy young males (18 to 45 years), after tablet dosing. In the same study, no significant differences in the mean Cmax and AUCτ were observed between healthy elderly males and healthy elderly females (>65 years). In a similar study, after dosing with the oral suspension, the mean AUC for healthy young females was 45% higher than in healthy young males whereas the mean Cmax was comparable between genders. The steady state trough Voriconazole concentrations (Cmin) seen in females were 100% and 91% higher than in males receiving the tablet and the oral suspension, respectively.

 

 

 

 

 

In the clinical program, no dosage adjustment was made on the basis of gender. The safety profile and plasma concentrations observed in male and female subjects were similar. Therefore, no dosage adjustment based on gender is necessary.

Geriatric Patients

In an oral multiple dose study the mean Cmax and AUCτ in healthy elderly males (≥65 years) were 61% and 86% higher, respectively, than in young males (18 to 45 years). No significant differences in the mean Cmax and AUCτ were observed between healthy elderly females (≥65 years) and healthy young females (18 to 45 years).

In the clinical program, no dosage adjustment was made on the basis of age. An analysis of pharmacokinetic data obtained from 552 patients from 10 Voriconazole clinical trials showed that the median Voriconazole plasma concentrations in the elderly patients (>65 years) were approximately 80% to 90% higher than those in the younger patients (≤65 years) after either IV or oral administration. However, the safety profile of Voriconazole in young and elderly subjects was similar and, therefore, no dosage adjustment is necessary for the elderly [see Use in Special Populations (8.5)].

Pediatric Patients

Sparse plasma sampling for pharmacokinetics was conducted in the therapeutic studies in patients aged 12-18 years. In 11 adolescent patients who received a mean Voriconazole maintenance dose of 4 mg/kg IV, the median of the calculated mean plasma concentrations was 1.60 μg/mL (inter-quartile range 0.28 to 2.73 μg/mL). In 17 adolescent patients for whom mean plasma concentrations were calculated following a mean oral maintenance dose of 200 mg every 12h, the median of the calculated mean plasma concentrations was 1.16 μg/mL (inter-quartile range 0.85 to 2.14 μg/mL). 

Patients with Hepatic Impairment

After a single oral dose (200 mg) of Voriconazole in 8 patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) and 4 patients with moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) hepatic impairment, the mean systemic exposure (AUC) was 3.2-fold higher than in age and weight matched controls with normal hepatic function. There was no difference in mean peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) between the groups. When only the patients with mild (Child-Pugh Class A) hepatic impairment were compared to controls, there was still a 2.3-fold increase in the mean AUC in the group with hepatic impairment compared to controls.

In an oral multiple dose study, AUCτ was similar in 6 subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B) given a lower maintenance dose of 100 mg twice daily compared to 6 subjects with normal hepatic function given the standard 200 mg twice daily maintenance dose. The mean peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 20% lower in the hepatically impaired group. No pharmacokinetic data are available for patients with severe hepatic cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Class C) [see Dosage and Administration (2.7)].

Patients with Renal Impairment

In a single oral dose (200 mg) study in 24 subjects with normal renal function and mild to severe renal impairment, systemic exposure (AUC) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of Voriconazole were not significantly affected by renal impairment. Therefore, no adjustment is necessary for oral dosing in patients with mild to severe renal impairment.

In a multiple dose study of IV Voriconazole (6 mg/kg IV loading dose x 2, then 3 mg/kg IV x 5.5 days) in 7 patients with moderate renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance 30 to 50 mL/min), the systemic exposure (AUC) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) were not significantly different from those in 6 subjects with normal renal function.

However, in patients with moderate renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance 30 to 50 mL/min), accumulation of the intravenous vehicle, SBECD, occurs. The mean systemic exposure (AUC) and peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of SBECD were increased 4-fold and almost 50%, respectively, in the moderately impaired group compared to the normal control group.

A pharmacokinetic study in subjects with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis showed that Voriconazole is dialyzed with clearance of 121 mL/min. The intravenous vehicle, SBECD, is hemodialyzed with clearance of 55 mL/min. A 4-hour hemodialysis session does not remove a sufficient amount of Voriconazole to warrant dose adjustment [see Dosage and Administration (2.8)].

Patients at Risk of Aspergillosis

The observed Voriconazole pharmacokinetics in patients at risk of aspergillosis (mainly patients with malignant neoplasms of lymphatic or hematopoietic tissue) were similar to healthy subjects.

Drug Interactions Studies 

Effects of Other Drugs on Voriconazole 

Voriconazole is metabolized by the human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4. Results of in vitro metabolism studies indicate that the affinity of Voriconazole is highest for CYP2C19, followed by CYP2C9, and is appreciably lower for CYP3A4. Inhibitors or inducers of these three enzymes may increase or decrease Voriconazole systemic exposure (plasma concentrations), respectively.

The systemic exposure to Voriconazole is significantly reduced or is expected to be reduced by the concomitant administration of the following agents and their use is contraindicated: 

Rifampin (potent CYP450 inducer)–Rifampin (600 mg once daily) decreased the steady state Cmax and AUCτ of Voriconazole (200 mg q12h x 7 days) by an average of 93% and 96%, respectively, in healthy subjects. Doubling the dose of Voriconazole to 400 mg q12h does not restore adequate exposure to Voriconazole during coadministration with rifampin. Coadministration of Voriconazole and rifampin is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

 

 

Ritonavir (potent CYP450 inducer; CYP3A4 inhibitor and substrate)–The effect of the coadministration of Voriconazole and ritonavir (400 mg and 100 mg) was investigated in two separate studies. High-dose ritonavir (400 mg q12h for 9 days) decreased the steady state Cmax and AUCτ of oral Voriconazole (400 mg q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for 8 days) by an average of 66% and 82%, respectively, in healthy subjects. Low-dose ritonavir (100 mg q12h for 9 days) decreased the steady state Cmax and AUCτ of oral Voriconazole (400 mg q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for 8 days) by an average of 24% and 39%, respectively, in healthy subjects. Although repeat oral administration of Voriconazole did not have a significant effect on steady state Cmax and AUCτ of high-dose ritonavir in healthy subjects, steady state Cmax and AUCτ of low-dose ritonavir decreased slightly by 24% and 14% respectively, when administered concomitantly with oral Voriconazole in healthy subjects. Coadministration of Voriconazole and high-dose ritonavir (400 mg q12h) is contraindicated. Coadministration of Voriconazole and low-dose ritonavir (100 mg q12h) should be avoided, unless an assessment of the benefit/risk to the patient justifies the use of Voriconazole [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

St. John's Wort (CYP450 inducer; P-gp inducer)–In an independent published study in healthy volunteers who were given multiple oral doses of St. John's Wort (300 mg LI 160 extract three times daily for 15 days) followed by a single 400 mg oral dose of Voriconazole, a 59% decrease in mean Voriconazole AUC0-∞ was observed. In contrast, coadministration of single oral doses of St. John's Wort and Voriconazole had no appreciable effect on Voriconazole AUC0-∞. Because long-term use of St. John's Wort could lead to reduced Voriconazole exposure, concomitant use of Voriconazole with St. John's Wort is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)].

Carbamazepine and long-acting barbiturates (potent CYP450 inducers)–Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, carbamazepine and long-acting barbiturates (e.g., phenobarbital, mephobarbital) are likely to significantly decrease plasma Voriconazole concentrations. Coadministration of Voriconazole with carbamazepine or long-acting barbiturates is contraindicated[see Contraindications (4), and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Significant drug interactions that may require Voriconazole dosage adjustment, or frequent monitoring of Voriconazole-related adverse events/toxicity: 

Fluconazole (CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 inhibitor): Concurrent administration of oral Voriconazole (400 mg q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for 2.5 days) and oral fluconazole (400 mg on day 1, then 200 mg Q24h for 4 days) to 6 healthy male subjects resulted in an increase in Cmax and AUCτ of Voriconazole by an average of 57% (90% CI: 20%, 107%) and 79% (90% CI: 40%, 128%), respectively. In a follow-on clinical study involving 8 healthy male subjects, reduced dosing and/or frequency of Voriconazole and fluconazole did not eliminate or diminish this effect. Concomitant administration of Voriconazole and fluconazole at any dose is not recommended. Close monitoring for adverse events related to Voriconazole is recommended if Voriconazole is used sequentially after fluconazole, especially within 24 hours of the last dose of fluconazole [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Minor or no significant pharmacokinetic interactions that do not require dosage adjustment: 

Cimetidine (non-specific CYP450 inhibitor and increases gastric pH)–Cimetidine (400 mg q12h x 8 days) increased Voriconazole steady state Cmax and AUCτ by an average of 18% (90% CI: 6%, 32%) and 23% (90% CI: 13%, 33%), respectively, following oral doses of 200 mg q12h x 7 days to healthy subjects.

Ranitidine (increases gastric pH)–Ranitidine (150 mg q12h) had no significant effect on Voriconazole Cmax and AUCτ following oral doses of 200 mg q12h x 7 days to healthy subjects.

Macrolide antibiotics–Coadministration of erythromycin (CYP3A4 inhibitor; 1g q12h for 7 days) or azithromycin (500 mg q24h for 3 days) with Voriconazole 200 mg q12h for 14 days had no significant effect on Voriconazole steady state Cmax and AUCτ in healthy subjects. The effects of Voriconazole on the pharmacokinetics of either erythromycin or azithromycin are not known.

Effects of Voriconazole on Other Drugs 

In vitro studies with human hepatic microsomes show that Voriconazole inhibits the metabolic activity of the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4. In these studies, the inhibition potency of Voriconazole for CYP3A4 metabolic activity was significantly less than that of two other azoles, ketoconazole and itraconazole. In vitro studies also show that the major metabolite of Voriconazole, Voriconazole N-oxide, inhibits the metabolic activity of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 to a greater extent than that of CYP2C19. Therefore, there is potential for Voriconazole and its major metabolite to increase the systemic exposure (plasma concentrations) of other drugs metabolized by these CYP450 enzymes.

The systemic exposure of the following drugs is significantly increased or is expected to be significantly increased by coadministration of Voriconazole and their use is contraindicated: 

Sirolimus (CYP3A4 substrate)–Repeat dose administration of oral Voriconazole (400 mg q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for 8 days) increased the Cmax and AUC of sirolimus (2 mg single dose) an average of 7-fold (90% CI: 5.7, 7.5) and 11-fold (90% CI: 9.9, 12.6), respectively, in healthy male subjects. Coadministration of Voriconazole and sirolimus is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Terfenadine, astemizole, cisapride, pimozide and quinidine (CYP3A4 substrates)–Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, concomitant administration of Voriconazole with terfenadine, astemizole, cisapride, pimozide or quinidine may result in inhibition of the metabolism of these drugs. Increased plasma concentrations of these drugs can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsade de pointes. Coadministration of Voriconazole and terfenadine, astemizole, cisapride, pimozide and quinidine is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

 

 

 

 

Ergot alkaloids–Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, Voriconazole may increase the plasma concentration of ergot alkaloids (ergotamine and dihydroergotamine) and lead to ergotism. Coadministration of Voriconazole with ergot alkaloids is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Everolimus (CYP3A4 substrate, P-gp substrate)–Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, Voriconazole may increase plasma concentrations of everolimus, which could potentially lead to exacerbation of everolimus toxicity. Currently there are insufficient data to allow dosing recommendations in this situation. Therefore, co-administration of Voriconazole with everolimus is not recommended [see Drug Interactions (7)].

Coadministration of Voriconazole with the following agents results in increased exposure or is expected to result in increased exposure to these drugs. Therefore, careful monitoring and/or dosage adjustment of these drugs is needed: 

Alfentanil (CYP3A4 substrate)–Coadministration of multiple doses of oral Voriconazole (400 mg q12h on day 1, 200 mg q12h on day 2) with a single 20 mcg/kg intravenous dose of alfentanil with concomitant naloxone resulted in a 6-fold increase in mean alfentanil AUC0-∞ and a 4-fold prolongation of mean alfentanil elimination half-life, compared to when alfentanil was given alone. An increase in the incidence of delayed and persistent alfentanil-associated nausea and vomiting during co-administration of Voriconazole and alfentanil was also observed. Reduction in the dose of alfentanil or other opiates that are also metabolized by CYP3A4 (e.g., sufentanil), and extended close monitoring of patients for respiratory and other opiate-associated adverse events, may be necessary when any of these opiates is coadministered with Voriconazole [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Fentanyl (CYP3A4 substrate): In an independent published study, concomitant use of Voriconazole (400 mg q12h on Day 1, then 200 mg q12h on Day 2) with a single intravenous dose of fentanyl (5 mcg/kg) resulted in an increase in the mean AUC0-∞ of fentanyl by 1.4-fold (range 0.81- to 2.04-fold). When Voriconazole is co-administered with fentanyl IV, oral or transdermal dosage forms, extended and frequent monitoring of patients for respiratory depression and other fentanyl-associated adverse events is recommended, and fentanyl dosage should be reduced if warranted [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Oxycodone (CYP3A4 substrate): In an independent published study, coadministration of multiple doses of oral Voriconazole (400 mg q12h, on Day 1 followed by five doses of 200 mg q12h on Days 2 to 4) with a single 10 mg oral dose of oxycodone on Day 3 resulted in an increase in the mean Cmax and AUC0–∞ of oxycodone by 1.7-fold (range 1.4- to 2.2-fold) and 3.6-fold (range 2.7- to 5.6-fold), respectively. The mean elimination half-life of oxycodone was also increased by 2-fold (range 1.4- to 2.5-fold). Voriconazole also increased the visual effects (heterophoria and miosis) of oxycodone. A reduction in oxycodone dosage may be needed during Voriconazole treatment to avoid opioid related adverse effects. Extended and frequent monitoring for adverse effects associated with oxycodone and other long-acting opiates metabolized by CYP3A4 is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Cyclosporine (CYP3A4 substrate)–In stable renal transplant recipients receiving chronic cyclosporine therapy, concomitant administration of oral Voriconazole (200 mg q12h for 8 days) increased cyclosporine Cmax and AUCτ an average of 1.1 times (90% CI: 0.9, 1.41) and 1.7 times (90% CI: 1.5, 2), respectively, as compared to when cyclosporine was administered without Voriconazole. When initiating therapy with Voriconazole in patients already receiving cyclosporine, it is recommended that the cyclosporine dose be reduced to one-half of the original dose and followed with frequent monitoring of the cyclosporine blood levels. Increased cyclosporine levels have been associated with nephrotoxicity. When Voriconazole is discontinued, cyclosporine levels should be frequently monitored and the dose increased as necessary [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Methadone (CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2C9 substrate)–Repeat dose administration of oral Voriconazole (400 mg q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for 4 days) increased the Cmax and AUCτ of pharmacologically active R-methadone by 31% (90% CI: 22%, 40%) and 47% (90% CI: 38%, 57%), respectively, in subjects receiving a methadone maintenance dose (30 mg to 100 mg q24h). The Cmaxand AUC of (S)-methadone increased by 65% (90% CI: 53%, 79%) and 103% (90% CI: 85%, 124%), respectively. Increased plasma concentrations of methadone have been associated with toxicity including QT prolongation. Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to methadone is recommended during coadministration. Dose reduction of methadone may be needed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Tacrolimus (CYP3A4 substrate)–Repeat oral dose administration of Voriconazole (400 mg q12h x 1 day, then 200 mg q12h x 6 days) increased tacrolimus (0.1 mg/kg single dose) Cmax and AUCτ in healthy subjects by an average of 2-fold (90% CI: 1.9, 2.5) and 3-fold (90% CI: 2.7, 3.8), respectively. When initiating therapy with Voriconazole in patients already receiving tacrolimus, it is recommended that the tacrolimus dose be reduced to one-third of the original dose and followed with frequent monitoring of the tacrolimus blood levels. Increased tacrolimus levels have been associated with nephrotoxicity. When Voriconazole is discontinued, tacrolimus levels should be carefully monitored and the dose increased as necessary [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Warfarin (CYP2C9 substrate)–Coadministration of Voriconazole (300 mg q12h x 12 days) with warfarin (30 mg single dose) significantly increased maximum prothrombin time by approximately 2 times that of placebo in healthy subjects. Close monitoring of prothrombin time or other suitable anticoagulation tests is recommended if warfarin and Voriconazole are coadministered and the warfarin dose adjusted accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Oral Coumarin Anticoagulants (CYP2C9, CYP3A4 substrates)–Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, Voriconazole may increase the plasma concentrations of coumarin anticoagulants and therefore may cause an increase in prothrombin time. If patients receiving coumarin preparations are treated simultaneously with Voriconazole, the prothrombin time or other suitable anti-coagulation tests should be monitored at close intervals and the dosage of anticoagulants adjusted accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

 

 

 

 

 

Statins (CYP3A4 substrates)–Although not studied clinically, Voriconazole has been shown to inhibit lovastatin metabolism in vitro (human liver microsomes). Therefore, Voriconazole is likely to increase the plasma concentrations of statins that are metabolized by CYP3A4. It is recommended that dose adjustment of the statin be considered during coadministration. Increased statin concentrations in plasma have been associated with rhabdomyolysis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Benzodiazepines (CYP3A4 substrates)–Although not studied clinically, Voriconazole has been shown to inhibit midazolam metabolism in vitro (human liver microsomes). Therefore, Voriconazole is likely to increase the plasma concentrations of benzodiazepines that are metabolized by CYP3A4 (e.g., midazolam, triazolam, and alprazolam) and lead to a prolonged sedative effect. It is recommended that dose adjustment of the benzodiazepine be considered during coadministration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Calcium Channel Blockers (CYP3A4 substrates)–Although not studied clinically, Voriconazole has been shown to inhibit felodipine metabolism in vitro (human liver microsomes). Therefore, Voriconazole may increase the plasma concentrations of calcium channel blockers that are metabolized by CYP3A4. Frequent monitoring for adverse events and toxicity related to calcium channel blockers is recommended during coadministration. Dose adjustment of the calcium channel blocker may be needed [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Sulfonylureas (CYP2C9 substrates)–Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, Voriconazole may increase plasma concentrations of sulfonylureas (e.g., tolbutamide, glipizide, and glyburide) and therefore cause hypoglycemia. Frequent monitoring of blood glucose and appropriate adjustment (i.e., reduction) of the sulfonylurea dosage is recommended during coadministration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Vinca Alkaloids (CYP3A4 substrates)–Although not studied in vitro or in vivo, Voriconazole may increase the plasma concentrations of the vinca alkaloids (e.g., vincristine and vinblastine) and lead to neurotoxicity. Therefore, reserve azole antifungals, including Voriconazole, for patients receiving a vinca alkaloid, including vincristine, who have no alternative antifungal treatment options [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs; CYP2C9 substrates): In two independent published studies, single doses of ibuprofen (400 mg) and diclofenac (50 mg) were coadministered with the last dose of Voriconazole (400 mg q12h on Day 1, followed by 200 mg q12h on Day 2). Voriconazole increased the mean Cmax and AUC of the pharmacologically active isomer, S (+)-ibuprofen by 20% and 100%, respectively. Voriconazole increased the mean Cmax and AUC of diclofenac by 114% and 78%, respectively.

A reduction in ibuprofen and diclofenac dosage may be needed during concomitant administration with Voriconazole. Patients receiving Voriconazole concomitantly with other NSAIDs (e.g., celecoxib, naproxen, lornoxicam, meloxicam) that are also metabolized by CYP2C9 should be carefully monitored for NSAID-related adverse events and toxicity, and dosage reduction should be made if warranted [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

No significant pharmacokinetic interactions were observed when Voriconazole was coadministered with the following agents. Therefore, no dosage adjustment for these agents is recommended: 

Prednisolone (CYP3A4 substrate)–Voriconazole (200 mg q12h x 30 days) increased Cmax and AUC of prednisolone (60 mg single dose) by an average of 11% and 34%, respectively, in healthy subjects.

Digoxin (P-glycoprotein mediated transport)–Voriconazole (200 mg q12h x 12 days) had no significant effect on steady state Cmax and AUCτ of digoxin (0.25 mg once daily for 10 days) in healthy subjects.

Mycophenolic acid (UDP-glucuronyl transferase substrate)–Voriconazole (200 mg q12h x 5 days) had no significant effect on the Cmax and AUCτ of mycophenolic acid and its major metabolite, mycophenolic acid glucuronide after administration of a 1 g single oral dose of mycophenolate mofetil.

Two-Way Interactions 

Concomitant use of the following agents with Voriconazole is contraindicated: 

Rifabutin (potent CYP450 inducer)–Rifabutin (300 mg once daily) decreased the Cmax and AUCτ of Voriconazole at 200 mg twice daily by an average of 67% (90% CI: 58%, 73%) and 79% (90% CI: 71%, 84%), respectively, in healthy subjects. During coadministration with rifabutin (300 mg once daily), the steady state Cmax and AUCτ of Voriconazole following an increased dose of 400 mg twice daily were on average approximately 2 times higher, compared with Voriconazole alone at 200 mg twice daily. Coadministration of Voriconazole at 400 mg twice daily with rifabutin 300 mg twice daily increased the Cmax and AUCτ of rifabutin by an average of 3-times (90% CI: 2.2, 4) and 4 times (90% CI: 3.5, 5.4), respectively, compared to rifabutin given alone. Coadministration of Voriconazole and rifabutin is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)]. 

Significant drug interactions that may require dosage adjustment, frequent monitoring of drug levels and/or frequent monitoring of drug-related adverse events/toxicity: 

Efavirenz, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (CYP450 inducer; CYP3A4 inhibitor and substrate)– Standard doses of Voriconazole and efavirenz (400 mg q24h or higher) must not be coadministered [see Drug Interactions (7)]. Steady state efavirenz (400 mg PO q24h) decreased the steady state Cmaxand AUCτ of Voriconazole (400 mg PO q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg PO q12h for 8 days) by an average of 61% and 77%, respectively, in healthy male subjects. Voriconazole at steady state (400 mg PO q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for 8 days) increased the steady state Cmax and AUCτ of efavirenz (400 mg PO q24h for 9 days) by an average of 38% and 44%, respectively, in healthy subjects.

 

 

 

The pharmacokinetics of adjusted doses of Voriconazole and efavirenz were studied in healthy male subjects following administration of Voriconazole (400 mg PO q12h on Days 2 to 7) with efavirenz (300 mg PO q24h on Days 1 to 7), relative to steady-state administration of Voriconazole (400 mg for 1 day, then 200 mg PO q12h for 2 days) or efavirenz (600 mg q24h for 9 days). Coadministration of Voriconazole 400 mg q12h with efavirenz 300 mg q24h, decreased Voriconazole AUCτ by 7% (90% CI: -23%, 13%) and increased Cmax by 23% (90% CI: -1%, 53%); efavirenz AUCτ was increased by 17% (90% CI: 6%, 29%) and Cmax was equivalent.

Coadministration of standard doses of Voriconazole and efavirenz (400 mg q24h or higher) is contraindicated.

Voriconazole may be coadministered with efavirenz if the Voriconazole maintenance dose is increased to 400 mg q12h and the efavirenz dose is decreased to 300 mg q24h. When treatment with Voriconazole is stopped, the initial dosage of efavirenz should be restored [see Dosage and Administration (2.4), Contraindications (4), and Drug Interactions (7)].

Phenytoin (CYP2C9 substrate and potent CYP450 inducer)–Repeat dose administration of phenytoin (300 mg once daily) decreased the steady state Cmax and AUCτ of orally administered Voriconazole (200 mg q12h x 14 days) by an average of 50% and 70%, respectively, in healthy subjects. Administration of a higher Voriconazole dose (400 mg q12h x 7 days) with phenytoin (300 mg once daily) resulted in comparable steady state Voriconazole Cmax and AUCτ estimates as compared to when Voriconazole was given at 200 mg q12h without phenytoin.

Phenytoin may be coadministered with Voriconazole if the maintenance dose of Voriconazole is increased from 4 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg intravenously every 12 hours or from 200 mg to 400 mg orally, every 12 hours (100 mg to 200 mg orally, every 12 hours in patients less than 40 kg) [see Dosage and Administration (2.4), and Drug Interactions (7)].

Repeat dose administration of Voriconazole (400 mg q12h x 10 days) increased the steady state Cmaxand AUCτ of phenytoin (300 mg once daily) by an average of 70% and 80%, respectively, in healthy subjects. The increase in phenytoin Cmax and AUC when coadministered with Voriconazole may be expected to be as high as 2 times the Cmax and AUC estimates when phenytoin is given without Voriconazole. Therefore, frequent monitoring of plasma phenytoin concentrations and phenytoin-related adverse effects is recommended when phenytoin is coadministered with Voriconazole [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Omeprazole (CYP2C19 inhibitor; CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 substrate)–Coadministration of omeprazole (40 mg once daily x 10 days) with oral Voriconazole (400 mg q12h x 1 day, then 200 mg q12h x 9 days) increased the steady state Cmax and AUCτ of Voriconazole by an average of 15% (90% CI: 5%, 25%) and 40% (90% CI: 29%, 55%), respectively, in healthy subjects. No dosage adjustment of Voriconazole is recommended.

Coadministration of Voriconazole (400 mg q12h x 1 day, then 200 mg x 6 days) with omeprazole (40 mg once daily x 7 days) to healthy subjects significantly increased the steady state Cmax and AUCτ of omeprazole an average of 2 times (90% CI: 1.8, 2.6) and 4 times (90% CI: 3.3, 4.4), respectively, as compared to when omeprazole is given without Voriconazole. When initiating Voriconazole in patients already receiving omeprazole doses of 40 mg or greater, it is recommended that the omeprazole dose be reduced by one-half [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

The metabolism of other proton pump inhibitors that are CYP2C19 substrates may also be inhibited by Voriconazole and may result in increased plasma concentrations of these drugs.

Oral Contraceptives (CYP3A4 substrate; CYP2C19 inhibitor)–Coadministration of oral Voriconazole (400 mg q12h for 1 day, then 200 mg q12h for 3 days) and oral contraceptive (Ortho-Novum1/35®consisting of 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 1 mg norethindrone, q24h) to healthy female subjects at steady state increased the Cmax and AUCτ of ethinyl estradiol by an average of 36% (90% CI: 28%, 45%) and 61% (90% CI: 50%, 72%), respectively, and that of norethindrone by 15% (90% CI: 3%, 28%) and 53% (90% CI: 44%, 63%), respectively in healthy subjects. Voriconazole Cmax and AUCτ increased by an average of 14% (90% CI: 3%, 27%) and 46% (90% CI: 32%, 61%), respectively. Monitoring for adverse events related to oral contraceptives, in addition to those for Voriconazole, is recommended during coadministration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

No significant pharmacokinetic interaction was seen and no dosage adjustment of these drugs is recommended: 

Indinavir (CYP3A4 inhibitor and substrate)–Repeat dose administration of indinavir (800 mg TID for 10 days) had no significant effect on Voriconazole Cmax and AUC following repeat dose administration (200 mg q12h for 17 days) in healthy subjects.

Repeat dose administration of Voriconazole (200 mg q12h for 7 days) did not have a significant effect on steady state Cmax and AUCτ of indinavir following repeat dose administration (800 mg TID for 7 days) in healthy subjects.

Other Two-Way Interactions Expected to be Significant Based on In Vitro and In Vivo Findings: 

Other HIV Protease Inhibitors (CYP3A4 substrates and inhibitors)–In vitro studies (human liver microsomes) suggest that Voriconazole may inhibit the metabolism of HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., saquinavir, amprenavir and nelfinavir). In vitro studies (human liver microsomes) also show that the metabolism of Voriconazole may be inhibited by HIV protease inhibitors (e.g., saquinavir and amprenavir). Patients should be frequently monitored for drug toxicity during the coadministration of Voriconazole and HIV protease inhibitors [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Other Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) (CYP3A4 substrates, inhibitors or CYP450 inducers)–In vitro studies (human liver microsomes) show that the metabolism of Voriconazole may be inhibited by a NNRTI (e.g., delavirdine). The findings of a clinical Voriconazole-efavirenz drug interaction study in healthy male subjects suggest that the metabolism of Voriconazole may be induced by a NNRTI. This in vivo study also showed that Voriconazole may inhibit the metabolism of a NNRTI [see Drug Interactions (7), and Warnings and Precautions (5.9)]. Patients should be frequently monitored for drug toxicity during the coadministration of Voriconazole and other NNRTIs (e.g., nevirapine and delavirdine) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. Dose adjustments are required when Voriconazole is co-administered with efavirenz [see Drug Interactions (7), and Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Microbiology

Mechanism of Action

Voriconazole is an azole antifungal drug. The primary mode of action of Voriconazole is the inhibition of fungal cytochrome P-450-mediated 14 alpha-lanosterol demethylation, an essential step in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. The accumulation of 14 alpha-methyl sterols correlates with the subsequent loss of ergosterol in the fungal cell wall and may be responsible for the antifungal activity of Voriconazole.

Drug Resistance

A potential for development of resistance to Voriconazole is well known. The mechanisms of resistance may include mutations in the gene ERG11 (encodes for the target enzyme, lanosterol 14-α-demethylase), upregulation of genes encoding the ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters i.e., Candida drug resistance (CDR) pumps and reduced access of the drug to the target, or some combination of those mechanisms.  The frequency of drug resistance development for the various fungi for which this drug is indicated is not known.

Fungal isolates exhibiting reduced susceptibility to fluconazole or itraconazole may also show reduced susceptibility to Voriconazole, suggesting cross-resistance can occur among these azoles. The relevance of cross-resistance and clinical outcome has not been fully characterized. Clinical cases where azole cross-resistance is demonstrated may require alternative antifungal therapy.

Antimicrobial Activity

Voriconazole has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections. 

Aspergillus fumigatus 

Aspergillus flavus 

Aspergillus niger 

Aspergillus terreus 

Candida albicans 

Candida glabrata (In clinical studies, the Voriconazole MIC90 was 4 mcg/mL)* 

Candida krusei 

Candida parapsilosis 

Candida tropicalis 

Fusarium spp. including Fusarium solani 

Scedosporium apiospermum 

* In clinical studies, Voriconazole MIC90 for C. glabrata baseline isolates was 4 mcg/mL; 13/50 (26%) C. glabrata baseline isolates were resistant (MIC ≥4 mcg/mL) to Voriconazole. However, based on 1054 isolates tested in surveillance studies the MIC90 was 1 mcg/mL.

The following data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following fungi exhibit an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for Voriconazole against isolates of similar genus or organism group. However, the effectiveness of Voriconazole in treating clinical infections due to these fungi has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials:

Candida lusitaniae 

Candida guilliermondii 

Susceptibility Testing Methods1,2,3 

Aspergillus species and other filamentous fungi 

No interpretive criteria have been established for Aspergillus species and other filamentous fungi.

Candida species

The interpretive standards for Voriconazole against Candida species are applicable only to tests performed using Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) microbroth dilution reference method M27 for MIC read at 24 hours or disk diffusion reference method M44 for zone diameter read at 24 hours.1,2,3

Dilution Techniques

Quantitative methods are used to determine antifungal MICs. These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of Candida spp. to antifungal agents. The MICs should be determined using a standardized test method at 24 hours1,2 (broth dilution). The MIC values should be interpreted according to the criteria provided in Table 10.

 

 

Diffusion Techniques

Qualitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of Candida spp. to an antifungal agent. One such standardized procedure requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations.2This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 1 mcg of Voriconazole to test the susceptibility of yeasts to Voriconazole at 24 hours. Disk diffusion interpretive criteria are also provided in Table 10.

Table 10: Susceptibility Interpretive Criteria for Voriconazole1,2,3

*The current data are insufficient to demonstrate a correlation between in vitro susceptibility testing and clinical outcome for glabrata and Voriconazole.

 

Broth Microdilution at 24 hours
(MIC in mcg/mL)

Disk Diffusion at 24 hours*
(Zone diameters in mm)

 

Susceptible (S)

Intermediate
(I)

Resistant (R)

Susceptible (S)

Intermediate
(I)

Resistant (R)

C. albicans 

≤0.12

0.25 to 0.5

≥1

≥17

15 to 16

≤14

C. krusei

≤0.5

1

≥2

≥15

13 to 14

≤12

C. parapsilosis

≤0.12

0.25 to 0.5

≥1

≥17

15 to 16

≤14

C. tropicalis

≤0.12

0.25 to 0.5

≥1

≥17

15 to 16

≤14

A report of Susceptible (S) indicates that the antimicrobial drug is likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentration usually achievable at the site of infection. A report of Intermediate (I) indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drugs are physiologically concentrated or when a high dosage of drug is used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of Resistant (R) indicates that the antimicrobial is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial drug reaches the concentrations usually achievable at the infection site; other therapy should be selected.

Quality Control

Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory controls to monitor and ensure the accuracy and precision of supplies and reagents used in the assay, and the techniques of the individuals performing the test1,2,3. Standard Voriconazole powder should provide the following range of MIC values noted in Table 11. For the diffusion technique using the 1 mcg disk, the criteria in Table 11 should be achieved.  

NOTE: Quality control microorganisms are specific strains of organisms with intrinsic biological properties relating to resistance mechanisms and their genetic expression within fungi; the specific strains used for microbiological control are not clinically significant.

Table11: AcceptableQualityControlRangesforVoriconazoletobeusedinValidationofSusceptibilityTestResults

* Quality control ranges have not been established for this strain/antifungal agent combination due to their extensive interlaboratory variation during initial quality control studies.

ATCC is a registered trademark of the American Type Culture Collection .

QC Strain

Broth Microdilution
(MIC in mcg/mL) at
24-hour

Disk Diffusion
(Zone diameter in mm) at 24-hour

Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019

0.016 to 0.12

28 to 37

Candida krusei
ATCC 6258

0.06 to 0.5

16 to 25

Candida albicans
ATCC 90028

*

31 to 42

Pharmacogenomics

CYP2C19, significantly involved in the metabolism of Voriconazole, exhibits genetic polymorphism. Approximately 15-20% of Asian populations may be expected to be poor metabolizers. For Caucasians and Blacks, the prevalence of poor metabolizers is 3-5%. Studies conducted in Caucasian and Japanese healthy subjects have shown that poor metabolizers have, on average, 4-fold higher Voriconazole exposure (AUCτ) than their homozygous extensive metabolizer counterparts. Subjects who are heterozygous extensive metabolizers have, on average, 2-fold higher Voriconazole exposure than their homozygous extensive metabolizer counterparts [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

 

 

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Two-year carcinogenicity studies were conducted in rats and mice. Rats were given oral doses of 6, 18 or 50 mg/kg Voriconazole, or 0.2, 0.6, or 1.6 times the recommended maintenance dose on a mg/m2basis. Hepatocellular adenomas were detected in females at 50 mg/kg and hepatocellular carcinomas were found in males at 6 and 50 mg/kg. Mice were given oral doses of 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg Voriconazole, or 0.1, 0.4, or 1.4 times the RMD on a mg/m2basis. In mice, hepatocellular adenomas were detected in males and females and hepatocellular carcinomas were detected in males at 1.4 times the RMD of Voriconazole.

Voriconazole demonstrated clastogenic activity (mostly chromosome breaks) in human lymphocyte cultures in vitro. Voriconazole was not genotoxic in the Ames assay, CHO HGPRT assay, the mouse micronucleus assay or the in vitro DNA repair test (Unscheduled DNA Synthesis assay).

Voriconazole administration induced no impairment of male or female fertility in rats dosed at 50 mg/kg, or 1.6 times the RMD (recommended maintenance dose).

Clinical Studies

Voriconazole, administered orally or parenterally, has been evaluated as primary or salvage therapy in 520 patients aged 12 years and older with infections caused by Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., and Scedosporium spp.

Invasive Aspergillosis

Voriconazole was studied in patients for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis (randomized, controlled study 307/602), for primary and salvage therapy of aspergillosis (non-comparative study 304) and for treatment of patients with invasive aspergillosis who were refractory to, or intolerant of, other antifungal therapy (non-comparative study 309/604).

Study 307/602 – Primary Therapy of Invasive Aspergillosis 

The efficacy of Voriconazole compared to amphotericin B in the primary treatment of acute invasive aspergillosis was demonstrated in 277 patients treated for 12 weeks in a randomized, controlled study (Study 307/602). The majority of study patients had underlying hematologic malignancies, including bone marrow transplantation. The study also included patients with solid organ transplantation, solid tumors, and AIDS. The patients were mainly treated for definite or probable invasive aspergillosis of the lungs. Other aspergillosis infections included disseminated disease, CNS infections and sinus infections. Diagnosis of definite or probable invasive aspergillosis was made according to criteria modified from those established by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (NIAID MSG/EORTC).

Voriconazole was administered intravenously with a loading dose of 6 mg/kg every 12 hours for the first 24 hours followed by a maintenance dose of 4 mg/kg every 12 hours for a minimum of seven days. Therapy could then be switched to the oral formulation at a dose of 200 mg q12h. Median duration of IV Voriconazole therapy was 10 days (range 2 to 85 days). After IV Voriconazole therapy, the median duration of PO Voriconazole therapy was 76 days (range 2 to 232 days).

Patients in the comparator group received conventional amphotericin B as a slow infusion at a daily dose of 1 to 1.5 mg/kg/day. Median duration of IV amphotericin therapy was 12 days (range 1 to 85 days). Treatment was then continued with other licensed antifungal therapy (OLAT), including itraconazole and lipid amphotericin B formulations. Although initial therapy with conventional amphotericin B was to be continued for at least two weeks, actual duration of therapy was at the discretion of the investigator. Patients who discontinued initial randomized therapy due to toxicity or lack of efficacy were eligible to continue in the study with OLAT treatment.

A satisfactory global response at 12 weeks (complete or partial resolution of all attributable symptoms, signs, radiographic/bronchoscopic abnormalities present at baseline) was seen in 53% of Voriconazole treated patients compared to 32% of amphotericin B treated patients (Table 14). A benefit of Voriconazole compared to amphotericin B on patient survival at Day 84 was seen with a 71% survival rate on Voriconazole compared to 58% on amphotericin B (Table 12).

Table 12 also summarizes the response (success) based on mycological confirmation and species.

Table 12:Overall Efficacy and Success by Species in the Primary Treatment of Acute Invasive Aspergillosis Study 307/602

*

Amphotericin B followed by other licensed antifungal therapy

†

Difference and corresponding 95% confidence interval are stratified by protocol

‡

Assessed by independent Data Review Committee (DRC)

§

Proportion of subjects alive

¶

Not all mycologically confirmed specimens were speciated

#

Some patients had more than one species isolated at baseline

 

Voriconazole

Ampho B*

Stratified 
Difference  
(95% CI)†

 

n/N (%) 

n/N (%) 

 

Efficacy as Primary Therapy  

 

 

 

Satisfactory Global Response‡ 

76/144 (53) 

42/133 (32) 

21.8% 
(10.5%, 33%) p<0.0001

Survival at Day 84§ 

102/144 (71) 

77/133 (58) 

13.1% 
(2.1%, 24.2%)

Success by Species  

 

 

 

 

Success n/N (%) 

 

 

Overall success 

76/144 (53) 

42/133 (32) 

 

 

 

 

 

Mycologically confirmed¶ 

37/84 (44) 

16/67 (24) 

 

Aspergillus spp.# 

 

 

 

A. fumigatus 

28/63 (44) 

12/47 (26) 

 

A. flavus 

3/6 

4/9 

 

A. terreus 

2/3 

0/3 

 

A. niger 

1/4 

0/9 

 

A. nidulans 

1/1 

0/0 

 

 

 

 

 

Study 304 – Primary and Salvage Therapy of Aspergillosis 

In this non-comparative study, an overall success rate of 52% (26/50) was seen in patients treated with Voriconazole for primary therapy. Success was seen in 17/29 (59%) with Aspergillus fumigatus infections and 3/6 (50%) patients with infections due to non-fumigatus species [A. flavus (1/1); A. nidulans (0/2); A.niger (2/2); A. terreus (0/1)]. Success in patients who received Voriconazole as salvage therapy is presented in Table 13.

Study 309/604 – Treatment of Patients with Invasive Aspergillosis who were Refractory to, or Intolerant of, other Antifungal Therapy 

Additional data regarding response rates in patients who were refractory to, or intolerant of, other antifungal agents are also provided in Table 15. In this non-comparative study, overall mycological eradication for culture-documented infections due to fumigatus and non-fumigatus species of Aspergillus was 36/82 (44%) and 12/30 (40%), respectively, in Voriconazole treated patients. Patients had various underlying diseases and species other than A. fumigatus contributed to mixed infections in some cases.

For patients who were infected with a single pathogen and were refractory to, or intolerant of, other antifungal agents, the satisfactory response rates for Voriconazole in studies 304 and 309/604 are presented in Table 13.

Table 13:Combined Response Data in SalvagePatients with Single Aspergillus Species(Studies 304 and 309/604)

 

 

Success  
n/N 

A. fumigatus 

43/97 (44%) 

A. flavus 

5/12 

A. nidulans 

1/3 

A. niger 

4/5 

A. terreus 

3/8 

A. versicolor 

0/1 

Nineteen patients had more than one species of Aspergillus isolated. Success was seen in 4/17 (24%) of these patients.

Candidemia in Non-neutropenic Patients and Other Deep Tissue Candida Infections

Voriconazole was compared to the regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole in Study 608, an open label, comparative study in nonneutropenic patients with candidemia associated with clinical signs of infection. Patients were randomized in 2:1 ratio to receive either Voriconazole (n=283) or the regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole (n=139). Patients were treated with randomized study drug for a median of 15 days. Most of the candidemia in patients evaluated for efficacy was caused by C. albicans (46%), followed by C. tropicalis (19%), C. parapsilosis (17%), C. glabrata (15%), and C. krusei (1%).

An independent Data Review Committee (DRC), blinded to study treatment, reviewed the clinical and mycological data from this study, and generated one assessment of response for each patient. A successful response required all of the following: resolution or improvement in all clinical signs and symptoms of infection, blood cultures negative for Candida, infected deep tissue sites negative for Candida or resolution of all local signs of infection, and no systemic antifungal therapy other than study drug. The primary analysis, which counted DRC-assessed successes at the fixed time point (12 weeks after End of Therapy [EOT]), demonstrated that Voriconazole was comparable to the regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole (response rates of 41% and 41%, respectively) in the treatment of candidemia. Patients who did not have a 12-week assessment for any reason were considered a treatment failure.

The overall clinical and mycological success rates by Candida species in Study 150-608 are presented in Table 14.

Table 14:Overall Success Rates Sustained From EOT To The Fixed 12-Week Follow-Up Time Point By Baseline Pathogen*,†

*

A few patients had more than one pathogen at baseline.

†

Patients who did not have a 12-week assessment for any reason were considered a treatment failure.

Baseline Pathogen

Clinical and Mycological Success (%) 

 

 

Voriconazole 

Amphotericin B --> Fluconazole 

C. albicans 

46/107 (43%) 

30/63 (48%) 

C. tropicalis

17/53 (32%)

1/16 (6%)

C. parapsilosis

24/45 (53%)

10/19 (53%)

C. glabrata

12/36 (33%)

7/21 (33%)

C. krusei

1/4

0/1

 

 

 

 

 

 

In a secondary analysis, which counted DRC-assessed successes at any time point (EOT, or 2, 6, or 12 weeks after EOT), the response rates were 65% for Voriconazole and 71% for the regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole.

In Studies 608 and 309/604 (non-comparative study in patients with invasive fungal infections who were refractory to, or intolerant of, other antifungal agents), Voriconazole was evaluated in 35 patients with deep tissue Candida infections. A favorable response was seen in 4 of 7 patients with intra-abdominal infections, 5 of 6 patients with kidney and bladder wall infections, 3 of 3 patients with deep tissue abscess or wound infection, 1 of 2 patients with pneumonia/pleural space infections, 2 of 4 patients with skin lesions, 1 of 1 patients with mixed intraabdominal and pulmonary infection, 1 of 2 patients with suppurative phlebitis, 1 of 3 patients with hepatosplenic infection, 1 of 5 patients with osteomyelitis, 0 of 1 with liver infection, and 0 of 1 with cervical lymph node infection.

Esophageal Candidiasis

The efficacy of oral Voriconazole 200 mg twice daily compared to oral fluconazole 200 mg once daily in the primary treatment of esophageal candidiasis was demonstrated in Study 150-305, a double-blind, double-dummy study in immunocompromised patients with endoscopically-proven esophageal candidiasis. Patients were treated for a median of 15 days (range 1 to 49 days). Outcome was assessed by repeat endoscopy at end of treatment (EOT). A successful response was defined as a normal endoscopy at EOT or at least a 1 grade improvement over baseline endoscopic score. For patients in the Intent to Treat (ITT) population with only a baseline endoscopy, a successful response was defined as symptomatic cure or improvement at EOT compared to baseline. Voriconazole and fluconazole (200 mg once daily) showed comparable efficacy rates against esophageal candidiasis, as presented in Table 15.

Table 15:Success Rates in Patients Treated for Esophageal Candidiasis

*

Confidence Interval for the difference (Voriconazole – Fluconazole) in success rates.

†

PP (Per Protocol) patients had confirmation of Candida esophagitis by endoscopy, received at least 12 days of treatment, and had a repeat endoscopy at EOT (end of treatment).

‡

ITT (Intent to Treat) patients without endoscopy or clinical assessment at EOT were treated as failures.

Population

Voriconazole

Fluconazole

Difference % (95% CI)*

PP† 

113/115 (98.2%)

134/141 (95%)

3.2 (-1.1, 7.5)

ITT‡ 

175/200 (87.5%)

171/191 (89.5%)

-2 (-8.3, 4.3)

Microbiologic success rates by Candida species are presented in Table 16.

Table 16:Clinical and mycological outcome by baseline pathogen in patients with esophageal candidiasis (Study-150-305)

*

Some patients had more than one species isolated at baseline

†

Patients with endoscopic and/or mycological assessment at end of therapy

Pathogen* 

Voriconazole 

 

Fluconazole 

 

 

Favorable endoscopic response† 

Mycological eradication† 

Favorable endoscopic response† 

Mycological eradication† 

 

Success/ 
Total (%)  

Eradication/ 
Total (%)  

Success/ 
Total (%)  

Eradication/ 
Total (%)  

C. albicans 

134/140 (96%) 

90/107 (84%) 

147/156 (94%) 

91/115 (79%) 

C. glabrata 

8/8 (100%) 

4/7 (57%) 

4/4 (100%) 

1/4 (25%) 

C. krusei 

1/1 

1/1 

2/2 (100%) 

0/0 

Other Serious Fungal Pathogens

In pooled analyses of patients, Voriconazole was shown to be effective against the following additional fungal pathogens:

Scedosporium apiospermum - Successful response to Voriconazole therapy was seen in 15 of 24 patients (63%). Three of these patients relapsed within 4 weeks, including 1 patient with pulmonary, skin and eye infections, 1 patient with cerebral disease, and 1 patient with skin infection. Ten patients had evidence of cerebral disease and 6 of these had a successful outcome (1 relapse). In addition, a successful response was seen in 1 of 3 patients with mixed organism infections.

Fusarium spp. - Nine of 21 (43%) patients were successfully treated with Voriconazole. Of these 9 patients, 3 had eye infections, 1 had an eye and blood infection, 1 had a skin infection, 1 had a blood infection alone, 2 had sinus infections, and 1 had disseminated infection (pulmonary, skin, hepatosplenic). Three of these patients (1 with disseminated disease, 1 with an eye infection and 1 with a blood infection) had Fusarium solani and were complete successes. Two of these patients relapsed, 1 with a sinus infection and profound neutropenia and 1 post surgical patient with blood and eye infections.

REFERENCES

1.    Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. Approved Standard M27-A3. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898, USA, 2008.

2.    Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Fourth Informational Supplement. CLSI document M27-S4 (2012). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 2500, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087 USA.

3.    Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. Approved Guideline M44-A2. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898, USA, 2009

 

 

 

How Supplied/Storage and Handling
How Supplied

Voriconazole Tablets, 50 mg are white to off-white, round, biconvex, film-coated tablet debossed with "735" on one side and plain on the other side and are supplied as follows:

NDC 68382-735-06 in bottles of 30 tablets

NDC 68382-735-16 in bottles of 90 tablets

NDC 68382-735-01 in bottles of 100 tablets

NDC 68382-735-05 in bottles of 500 tablets

NDC 68382-735-10 in bottles of 1000 tablets

NDC 68382-735-77 in unit-dose blister cartons of 100 (10 x 10) unit-dose tablets

Voriconazole Tablets, 200 mg are white to off-white, oval, biconvex, film-coated tablet debossed with "736" on one side and plain on the other side and are supplied as follows:

NDC 68382-736-06 in bottles of 30 tablets

NDC 68382-736-16 in bottles of 90 tablets

NDC 68382-736-01 in bottles of 100 tablets

NDC 68382-736-05 in bottles of 500 tablets

NDC 68382-736-10 in bottles of 1000 tablets

NDC 68382-736-77 in unit-dose blister cartons of 100 (10 x 10) unit-dose tablets

Storage

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. 

Dispense in a tight container (USP).

Patient Counseling Information

Advise the Patient to read the FDA-Approved Patient Labeling

Embryo-Fetal Toxicity

· Advise female patients of the potential risks to a fetus.

· Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with Voriconazole.

Manufactured by:

Cadila Healthcare Ltd.

Baddi, India

Distributed by:

Zydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.

Pennington, NJ 08534

Rev.: 11/17

SPL PATIENT PACKAGE INSERT

Voriconazole (vor i KON a zole) Tablets

Read the Patient Information that comes with Voriconazole Tablets before you start taking it and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking with your healthcare provider about your condition or treatment.

What are Voriconazole Tablets? 

Voriconazole Tablets are a prescription medicine used to treat certain serious fungal infections in your blood and body. These infections are called "aspergillosis," "esophageal candidiasis," "Scedosporium," "Fusarium," and "candidemia".

It is not known if Voriconazole Tablets are safe and effective in children younger than 12 years old.

Who should not take Voriconazole Tablets?

 

 

Do not take Voriconazole Tablets if you: 

· areallergictoVoriconazoleoranyoftheingredientsinVoriconazole Tablets . See the end of this leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in Voriconazole Tablets.

· aretakinganyofthefollowingmedicines:

· cisapride (Propulsid®)

· pimozide (Orap®)

· quinidine (like Quinaglute®)

· sirolimus (Rapamune®)

· rifampin (Rifadin®)

· carbamazepine (Tegretol®)

· long-acting barbiturates like phenobarbital (Luminal®)

· efavirenz (Sustiva®)

· ritonavir (Norvir®)

· rifabutin (Mycobutin®)

· ergotamine, dihydroergotamine (ergot alkaloids)

· St. John's Wort (herbal supplement)

Ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you are not sure if you are taking any of the medicines listed above.

Do not start taking a new medicine without talking to your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking Voriconazole Tablets? 

Before you take Voriconazole Tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you:

· have or ever had heart disease, or an abnormal heart rate or rhythm. Your healthcare provider may order a test to check your heart (EKG) before starting Voriconazole Tablets.

· have liver or kidney problems. Your healthcare provider may do blood tests to make sure you can take Voriconazole Tablets.

· have trouble digesting dairy products, lactose (milk sugar), or regular table sugar. Voriconazole Tablets contain lactose.

· are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Voriconazole Tablets can harm your unborn baby. Talk to your healthcare provider if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Women who can become pregnant should use effective birth control while taking Voriconazole Tablets.

· are breast-feeding or plan to breast-feed. It is not known if Voriconazole Tablets passes into breast milk. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take Voriconazole Tablets.

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements.

Voriconazole Tablets may affect the way other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how Voriconazole Tablets works.

Know what medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider or pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

How should I take Voriconazole Tablets? 

· Take Voriconazole Tablets exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to.

· Take Voriconazole Tablets at least 1 hour before or at least 1 hour after meals.

· If you take too much Voriconazole Tablets, call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room.

What should I avoid while taking Voriconazole Tablets? 

· You should not drive at night while taking Voriconazole Tablets. Voriconazole Tablets can cause changes in your vision such as blurring or sensitivity to light.

· Do not drive or operate machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how Voriconazole Tablets affect you.

· Avoid direct sunlight. Voriconazole Tablets can make your skin sensitive to the sun and the light from sunlamps and tanning beds. You could get a severe sunburn. Use sunscreen and wear a hat and clothes that cover your skin if you have to be in sunlight. Talk to your healthcare provider if you get sunburn.

What are possible side effects of Voriconazole Tablets? 

Voriconazole Tablets may cause serious side effects including:

· liverproblems. Symptoms of liver problems may include:

· itchy skin

· yellowing of your eyes

· feeling very tired

· flu-like symptoms

· nausea or vomiting

· visionchanges. Symptoms of vision changes may include:

· blurred vision

· changes in the way you see colors

· sensitivity to light (photophobia)

· seriousheartproblems. Voriconazole Tablets may cause changes in your heart rate or rhythm, including your heart stopping (cardiac arrest).

· allergicreactions. Symptoms of an allergic reaction may include:

· fever

· sweating

· feels like your heart is beating fast (tachycardia)

· chest tightness

· trouble breathing

· feel faint

· nausea

· itching

· skin rash

· kidneyproblems . Voriconazole Tablets may cause new or worse problems with kidney function, including kidney failure. Your healthcare provider should check your kidney function while you are taking Voriconazole Tablets. Your healthcare provider will decide if you can keep taking Voriconazole Tablets.

· seriousskinreactions . Symptoms of serious skin reactions may include:

· rash or hives

· mouth sores

· blistering or peeling of your skin

· trouble swallowing or breathing

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Call your healthcare provider or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away if you have any of the symptoms listed above.

The most common side effects of Voriconazole Tablets include: 

· vision changes

· rash

· vomiting

· nausea

· headache

· fast heart beat (tachycardia)

· hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there)

· abnormal liver function tests

Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.

These are not all the possible side effects of Voriconazole Tablets. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

How should I store Voriconazole Tablets? 

· Store Voriconazole Tablets at room temperature, 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

· Keep Voriconazole Tablets in a tightly closed container.

· Safely throw away medicine that is out of date or no longer needed.

· KeepVoriconazole Tablets , aswellasallothermedicines , outofthereachofchildren.

General information about the safe and effective use of Voriconazole Tablets 

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Patient Information leaflet. Do not use Voriconazole Tablets for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give Voriconazole Tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.

This Patient Information leaflet summarizes the most important information about Voriconazole Tablets. If you would like more information, talk to your healthcare provider. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about Voriconazole Tablets that is written for health professionals.

Please address medical inquiries to, ([email protected]) Tel.: 1-877-993-8779.

What are the ingredients of Voriconazole Tablets? 

Active ingredient: Voriconazole

Inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, povidone and pregelatinized starch. Additionally, each Voriconazole tablets contain opadry II white 33F28398 which contains hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, polyethylene glycol, talc and titanium dioxide.

Trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

This Patient Information has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Manufactured by:

Cadila Healthcare Ltd.

Baddi, India

Distributed by:

Zydus Pharmaceuticals USA Inc.

Pennington, NJ 08534

Rev.: 11/17

PACKAGE LABEL.PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

NDC 68382-735-01 in bottles of 100 tablets

Voriconazole Tablets, 50 mg

100 Tablets

Rx only

Zydus

https://www.drugs.com/pro/images/1e47adf3-3a6c-4089-9cf6-bf5c0711a12e/vorico-tabs-figure-02.jpg

NDC 68382-736-01 in bottles of 100 tablets

Voriconazole Tablets, 200 mg

100 Tablets

Rx only

Zydus

https://www.drugs.com/pro/images/1e47adf3-3a6c-4089-9cf6-bf5c0711a12e/vorico-tabs-figure-03.jpg

Voriconazole Voriconazole tablet

Product Information

Product Type

HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL

Item Code (Source)

NDC:68382-735

Route of Administration

ORAL

DEA Schedule

    

Active Ingredient/Active Moiety

Ingredient Name

Basis of Strength

Strength

Voriconazole (Voriconazole)

Voriconazole

50 mg

Inactive Ingredients

Ingredient Name

Strength

CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM

 

HYPROMELLOSE 2910 (6 MPA.S)

 

LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE

 

MAGNESIUM STEARATE

 

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 6000

 

POVIDONE K30

 

STARCH, PREGELATINIZED CORN

 

TALC

 

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

 

Product Characteristics

Color

WHITE (white to off-white)

Score

no score

Shape

ROUND

Size

7mm

Flavor

 

Imprint Code

735

Contains

    

 

 

Packaging

#

Item Code

Package Description

 

1

NDC:68382-735-06

30 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

2

NDC:68382-735-16

90 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

3

NDC:68382-735-01

100 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

4

NDC:68382-735-05

500 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

5

NDC:68382-735-10

1000 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

6

NDC:68382-735-77

10 BLISTER PACK in 1 CARTON

 

6

NDC:68382-735-30

10 TABLET in 1 BLISTER PACK

 

 

Marketing Information

Marketing Category

Application Number or Monograph Citation

Marketing Start Date

Marketing End Date

ANDA

ANDA206747

05/25/2016

 

Voriconazole Voriconazole tablet

Product Information

Product Type

HUMAN PRESCRIPTION DRUG LABEL

Item Code (Source)

NDC:68382-736

Route of Administration

ORAL

DEA Schedule

    

Active Ingredient/Active Moiety

Ingredient Name

Basis of Strength

Strength

Voriconazole (Voriconazole)

Voriconazole

200 mg

Inactive Ingredients

Ingredient Name

Strength

CROSCARMELLOSE SODIUM

 

HYPROMELLOSE 2910 (6 MPA.S)

 

LACTOSE MONOHYDRATE

 

MAGNESIUM STEARATE

 

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 6000

 

POVIDONE K30

 

STARCH, PREGELATINIZED CORN

 

TALC

 

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

 

Product Characteristics

Color

WHITE (white to off-white)

Score

no score

Shape

OVAL

Size

16mm

Flavor

 

Imprint Code

736

Contains

    

 

 

Packaging

#

Item Code

Package Description

 

1

NDC:68382-736-06

30 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

2

NDC:68382-736-16

90 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

3

NDC:68382-736-01

100 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

4

NDC:68382-736-05

500 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

5

NDC:68382-736-10

1000 TABLET in 1 BOTTLE

 

6

NDC:68382-736-77

10 BLISTER PACK in 1 CARTON

 

6

NDC:68382-736-30

10 TABLET in 1 BLISTER PACK

 

 

Marketing Information

Marketing Category

Application Number or Monograph Citation

Marketing Start Date

Marketing End Date

ANDA

ANDA206747

05/25/2016

 


Labeler - Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. (156861945)

Registrant - Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. (156861945)


Establishment

Name

Address

ID/FEI

Operations

Cadila Healthcare Limited

 

677605858

ANALYSIS(68382-735, 68382-736), MANUFACTURE(68382-735, 68382-736)

Revised: 11/2017

 

Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc.